vuzbiochemiИзвестия вузов. Прикладная химия и биотехнологияProceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology2227-29252500-1558ИРНИТУ10.21285/2227-2925-2019-9-4-654-664vuzbiochemi-260Research ArticleФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКАЯ БИОЛОГИЯPHYSICOCHEMICAL BIOLOGYБиоконверсия шелухи овса и мискантуса в глюкозные растворыBioconversion of oat hull and miscanthus cellulose to glucose solutionsКащееваЕ. И.KashcheyevaE. I.

Кащеева Екатерина Ивановна, к.т.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории биоконверсии

659322, г. Бийск, ул. Социалистическая 1

Ekaterina I. Kashcheyeva, Сand. Sci. (Engineering), Senior researcher, Laboratory of Bioconversion

1, Sotsialisticheskaya St., Biysk 1659322

massl@mail.ruМироноваГ. Ф.MironovaG. F.

Миронова Галина Федоровна, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории биоконверсии

659322, г. Бийск, ул. Социалистическая 1

Galina F. Mironova, Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Bioconversion

1, Sotsialisticheskaya St., Biysk 1659322

yur_galina@mail.ruБудаеваВ. В.BudaevaV. V.

Будаева Вера Владимировна, к.х.н., доцент, заведующая лабораторией биоконверсии

659322, г. Бийск, ул. Социалистическая 1

Vera V. Budaeva, Сand. Sci. (Chemistry), Associate Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Bioconversion

1, Sotsialisticheskaya St., Biysk 1659322

budaeva@ipcet.ruХанХ.KhanH.

Хина Хан, дипломированный специалист, научный сотрудник отдела целлюлозно-бумажной технологии

247667, г. Рурки, Уттаракханд

Hina Khan, Master of Technology, Research Scholar at the Division of Pulp and Paper Technology

Uttarakhand, Roorkee 247667

Институт проблем химико-энергетических технологий Сибирского отделения РАНРоссияInstitute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationИндийский технологический институт РуркиИндияIndian Institute of Technology RoorkeeIndia20190501202094654664Copyright © Кащеева Е.И., Миронова Г.Ф., Будаева В.В., Хан Х., 20202020Кащеева Е.И., Миронова Г.Ф., Будаева В.В., Хан Х.Kashcheyeva E.I., Mironova G.F., Budaeva V.V., Khan H.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vuzbiochemi.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/260

Целлюлозосодержащее сырье в настоящее время считается наиболее перспективным видом сырья для получения биопродуктов с добавленной стоимостью. Применение универсальных способов предварительной обработки является необходимым условием для реализации разрабатываемого процесса. В данной работе была исследована биоконверсия образцов целлюлозы шелухи овса и мискантуса в глюкозные растворы путем ферментативного гидролиза. Субстраты получены двухстадийной обработкой сырья разбавленными растворами азотной кислоты и гидроксида натрия. Ферментативный гидролиз проводился с помощью ферментных препаратов «ЦеллолюксА» и «Ультрафло Коре» при начальной концентрации субстрата 40 г/л. На первом этапе исследована реакционная способность субстратов к ферментативному гидролизу в среде ацетатного буферного раствора в течение 72 ч. Установлено, что образцы целлюлозы из обоих видов сырья имеют одинаково высокую реакционную способность: выход редуцирующих веществ и глюкозы от массы субстрата составил 94–95 % и 88–91 % соответственно. Это свидетельствует об универсальности способа предварительной обработки, используемого для сырья с содержанием целлюлозы от 35 до 45 %. На втором этапе проведен гидролиз субстратов в водной среде в пилотном ферментере при избытке ферментных препаратов. За 32 ч. получены водные гидролизаты с концентрацией редуцирующих веществ 42 г/л (выход от массы субстрата 94 %) и глюкозы 33–35 г/л (выход от массы субстрата 74–78 %). Содержание глюкозы (79–83 %) и пентоз (1–2 %) в редуцирующих веществах свидетельствует о преимущественно глюкозном составе полученных растворов. Сравнительный анализ результатов растровой электронной спектроскопии субстратов и остатков после гидролиза в пилотном ферментере также демонстрирует высокую эффективность биоконверсии. Полученные в водной среде глюкозные растворы рекомендуются для приготовления питательных сред и дальнейшего их использования для синтеза ценных метаболитов.

Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.

Cellulose-containing raw materials are currently considered to be among the most promising types of raw materials for the production of value-added bio-products. However, for the implementation of the developed process, the application of universal pre-processing methods is a prerequisite. In the present paper, a study into the bioconversion of oat hull and miscanthus cellulose samples by enzymatic hydrolysis into glucose solutions is presented. The substrates were obtained by two-stage processing of raw materials with dilute solutions of nitric acid and sodium hydroxide. Enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out using the Cellolux-A and Ultraflo Core enzyme preparations at an initial substrate concentration of 40 g/L. At the first stage, the reactivity of the substrates to enzymatic hydrolysis in an acetate buffer solution was studied over a period of 72 hours. Cellulose samples from both types of raw materials were established to possess equally high reactivity in terms of the reducing substances. Glucose obtained from the substrate yielded 94–95 % and 88–91 %, respectively. This indicates the universality of the pre-treatment method used for raw materials having a cellulose content of 35–45 %. At the second stage, hydrolysis of the substrates was carried out using a pilot fermenter in an aqueous medium with an excess of enzyme preparations. Over a period of 32 hours, aqueous hydrolysates were obtained with a concentration of reducing substances and glucose equal to 42 g/L (94 % yield from the substrate) and 33–35 g/L (74–78 % yield from the substrate), respectively. The glucose (79–83 %) and pentose (1–2 %) content of the reducing substances indicates glucose to predominate in the composition of the resulting solutions. The high bioconversion efficiency rate is additionally demonstrated by a comparative analysis of scanning electron spectroscopy results for substrates and residues following hydrolysis in a pilot fermenter. Glucose solutions obtained in an aqueous medium are emerging as promising materials for the preparation of culture media and the synthesis of valuable metabolites.

The authors declare no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.

биоконверсияшелуха овсамискантусцеллюлозаферментативный гидролизглюкозный растворпитательная средаbioconversionoat hullsmiscanthuscelluloseenzymatic hydrolysisglucose solutionculture mediumИсследование выполнено по проекту в рамках Государственной программы с регистрационным номером темы АААА-А17-117011910006-5.The study was carried out according to the project within the framework of the State programme with the topical registration number AAAA-A17-117011910006-5.ReferencesArevalo-GallegosA., AhmadZ., Asgher M., Parra-Saldivar R., Iqbal H.M.N. Lignocellulose: A sustainable material to produce value-added products with a zero waste approach – A review // International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2017. Vol. 99. P. 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijbiomac. 2017.02.097Arevalo-Gallegos A, Ahmad Z, Asgher M, Parra-Saldivar R, Iqbal HMN. Lignocellulose: A sustainable material to produce value-added products with a zero waste approach – A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2017;99:308–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.097ChenH., Liu J., Chang X., Chen D., Xue Y., Liu P., et al. A review on the pretreatment of lignocellulose for high-value chemicals // Fuel Processing Technology. 2017. Vol. 160. P. 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.12.007Chen H, Liu J, Chang X, Chen D, Xue Y, Liu P, et al. A review on the pretreatment of lignocellulose for high-value chemicals. Fuel Processing Technology. 2017;160:196–206. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.fuproc.2016.12.007Diaz A.B., Blandino A., Caro I. Value added products from fermentation of sugars derived from agro-food residues // Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2018. Vol. 71. P. 52–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.10.016Diaz AB, Blandino A, Caro I. Value added products from fermentation of sugars derived from agro-food residues. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2018;71:52–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.10.016Liu C.G., Xiao Y., Xia X.X., Zhao X.Q., Peng L., Srinophakun P., et al. Cellulosic ethanol production: Progress, challenges and strategies for solutions // Biotechnology Advances. 2019. Vol. 37. N 3. P. 491–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv. 2019.03.002Liu CG, Xiao Y, Xia XX, Zhao XQ, Peng L, Srinophakun P, et al. Cellulosic ethanol production: Progress, challenges and strategies for solutions. Biotechnology Advances. 2019;37(3):491–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.03.002Kumar A., Gautam A., Khan H., Dutt D. Chapter 9. Organic Acids: Microbial Sources, Production and Applications. In: Microbial Enzymes and Additives for the Food Industry. New York: Nova Science Publishers. 2019.Kumar A, Gautam A, Khan H, Dutt D. Chapter 9. Organic Acids: Microbial Sources, Production and Applications. In: Microbial Enzymes and Additives for the Food Industry. New York: Nova Science Publishers; 2019.Ха Т.З., Канарская З.А., Канарский А.В., Щербаков А.В., Щербакова Е.Н. Влияние источника углерода на синтез биомассы и экзополисахаридов бактериями Рaenibacillus mucilaginosus // Известия вузов. Прикладная химия и биотехнология. 2019. Т. 9. N 3. С. 509–518. https://doi.org/10. 21285/2227-2925-2019-9-3-509-518Ha DT, Kanarskaya ZA, Kanarsky AV, Shcherbakov AV, Shcherbakova EN. The effect of carbon source on the biomass and exopolysaccharide synthesis by Paenibacillus mucilaginosus bacteria. Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya = Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology. 2019;9(3):509–518. (In Russian) https://doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2019-9-3-509-51Hu F., Ragauskas A. Pretreatment and lignocellulosic chemistry // Bioenergy Research. 2012. N 5. Р. 1043–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9208-0Hu F, Ragauskas A. Pretreatment and lignocellulosic chemistry. Bioenergy Research. 2012;5: 1043–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9208-0Demirel F., GermecM., Coban H.B., Turhan I. Optimization of dilute acid pretreatment of barley husk and oat husk and determination of their chemical composition // Cellulose. 2018. Vol. 25, N 11. P. 6377–6393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2022-xDemirel F, Germec M, Coban HB, Turhan I. Optimization of dilute acid pretreatment of barley husk and oat husk and determination of their chemical composition. Cellulose. 2018;25(11):6377–6393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2022-xGupta A., Verma J.P. Sustainable bio-ethanol production from agro-residues: A review // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2015. Vol. 41. P. 550–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser. 2014.08.032Gupta A, Verma JP. Sustainable bio-ethanol production from agro-residues: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2015;41:550–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.032Cheng Z., Yang R., Liu X., Liu X., Chen H. Green synthesis of bacterial cellulose via acetic acid pre-hydrolysis liquor of agricultural corn stalk used as carbon source // Bioresource Technology. 2017. Vol. 234. P. 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biortech.2017.02.131Cheng Z, Yang R, Liu X, Liu X, Chen H. Green synthesis of bacterial cellulose via acetic acid pre-hydrolysis liquor of agricultural corn stalk used as carbon source. Bioresource Technology. 2017;234: 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.131Ong K.L., Li C., Li X., Zhang Y., Xu J., Lin C.S.K. Co-fermentation of glucose and xylose from sugarcane bagasse into succinic acid by Yarrowia lipolytica // Biochemical Engineering Journal. 2019. Vol. 148. P. 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. bej.2019.05.004OngKL, Li C, Li X, Zhang Y, Xu J, Lin CSK. Co-fermentation of glucose and xylose from sugarcane bagasse into succinic acid by Yarrowia lipolytica. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 2019;148: 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2019.05.004Cubas-Cano E., González-Fernández C., Ballesteros M., Tomás-Pejó E. Biotechnological advances in lactic acid production by lactic acid bacteria: lignocellulose as novel substrate // Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 2018. Vol. 12. N 2. P. 290–303. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1852Cubas-Cano E, González-Fernández C, Ballesteros M, Tomás-Pejó E. Biotechnological advances in lactic acid production by lactic acid bacteria: lignocellulose as novel substrate. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 2018;12(2):290–303. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1852Kim J.S., Lee Y.Y., Kim T.H. A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass // Bioresource Technology. 2016. Vol. 199. P. 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biortech.2015.08.0850960-8524Kim JS, Lee YY, Kim TH. A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresource Technology. 2016;199:42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech. 2015.08.0850960-8524Макарова Е.И., Будаева В.В. Биоконверсия непищевого целлюлозосодержащего сырья. Часть 1 // Известия вузов. Прикладная химия и биотехнология. 2016. Т. 6. N 2. С. 43–50. https://doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2016-6-2-43-50Makarova EI, Budaeva VV. Bioconversion of non-food cellulosic biomass. Part 1. Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya = Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology. 2016;6(2):43–50. (In Russian) https://doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2016-6-2-43-50Bychkov A., Podgorbunskikh E., Lomovsky O., Bychkova E. Current achievement in the mechanically activated processing of plant raw materials // Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2019. Vol. 116. N 5. P. 1231–1244. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26925Bychkov A, Podgorbunskikh E, Lomovsky O, Bychkova E. Current achievement in the mechanically activated processing of plant raw materials. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2019; 116(5):1231–1244. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26925Baig K.S., Wu J., Turcotte G. Future prospects of delignification pretreatments for the lignocellulosic materials to produce second generation bioethanol // International Journal of Energy Research. 2019. Vol. 43. Issue 1. P. 1411–1427. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4292Baig KS, Wu J, Turcotte G. Future prospects of delignification pretreatments for the lignocellulosic materials to produce second generation bioethanol. International Journal of Energy Research. 2019;43(1):1411–1427. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4292Gismatulina Yu.A., Budaeva V.V. Chemical composition of five Miscanthus sinensis harvests and nitric-acid cellulose therefrom // Industrial Crops and Products. 2017. Vol. 109. P. 227–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.08.026Gismatulina YuA, Budaeva VV. Chemical composition of five Miscanthus sinensis harvests and nitric-acid cellulose therefrom. Industrial Crops and Products. 2017;109:227–232. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.indcrop.2017.08.026Kashcheyeva E.I., Gismatulina Y.A., Budaeva V.V. Pretreatments of Non-Woody Cellulosic Feedstocks for Bacterial Cellulose Synthesis // Polymers. 2019. N 11. Issue 10. P. 1645. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101645Kashcheyeva EI, Gismatulina YA, Budaeva VV. Pretreatments of Non-Woody Cellulosic Feedstocks for Bacterial Cellulose Synthesis. Polymers. 2019;11(10):1645. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101645Бюллетени о состоянии сельского хозяйства (электронные версии) [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1265196018516 (29.08.2019).Bulletin of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. Available from: http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1265196018516 [Accessed 15th October 2019]. (In Russian)Chaud L.C.S., da Silva D.D.V., de Mattos R.T., de Almeida Felipe M. das G. Evaluation of oat hull hemicellulosic hydrolysate fermentability employing Pichia stipites // Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 2012. Vol. 55. N. 5. P. 771–777. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-891320 12000500017Chaud LCS, da Silva DDV, de Mattos RT, de Almeida Felipe M das G. Evaluation of oat hull hemicellulosic hydrolysate fermentability employing Pichia stipites. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 2012;55(5):771–777. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132012000500017Yadav M.P., Hicks K.B., Johnston D.B., Hotchkiss A.T., Chau H.K., Hanah K. Production of bio-based fiber gums from the waste streams resulting from the commercial processing of corn bran and oat hulls // Food Hydrocolloids. 2016. Vol. 53. P. 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.02.017Yadav MP, Hicks KB, Johnston DB, Hotchkiss AT, Chau HK, Hanah K. Production of biobased fiber gums from the waste streams resulting from the commercial processing of corn bran and oat hulls. Food Hydrocolloids. 2016;53:125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.02.017Jones M.B., Walsh M. Miscanthus for energy and fibre. London: Earthscan. 2001. 192 p.Jones MB, Walsh M. Miscanthus for energy and fibre. London: Earthscan. 2001. 192 p.DoroginaO.V., VasilyevaO.Yu., NuzhdinaN.S., BuglovaL.V., Gismatulina Yu.A., Zhmud E.V., et al. Resource potential of some species of the genus Miscanthus Anderss. under conditions of continental climate of West Siberian foreststeppe // Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2018. Vol. 22. N 5. P. 553–559. https://doi.org/10.18699/VJ18.394Dorogina OV, Vasilyeva OYu, Nuzhdina NS, Buglova LV, Gismatulina YuA, Zhmud EV, et al. Resource potential of some species of the genus Miscanthus Anderss. under conditions of continental climate of West Siberian foreststeppe. Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2018;22(5): 553–559. https://doi.org/10.18699/VJ18.394Da Costa R.M.F., Pattathil S., Avci U., Winters A., Hahn M.G., Bosch M. Desirable plant cell wall traits for higher-quality miscanthus lignocellulosic biomass // Biotechnology for Biofuels volume. 2019. Vol. 12, N 1. 18 p. https://doi.org/10. 1186/s13068-019-1426-7Da Costa RMF, Pattathil S, Avci U, Winters A, Hahn MG, Bosch M. Desirable plant cell wall traits for higher-quality miscanthus lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnology for Biofuels volume. 2019;12(1):18 p. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068- 019-1426-7TAPPI T222 om-02. Acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp. Atlanta: TAPPI Press. 2002.TAPPI T222 om-02. Acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp. Atlanta: TAPPI Press. 2002.TAPPI T211 om-85. Ash in wood, pulp, paper, and paperboard. Atlanta: TAPPI Press. 1985.TAPPI T211 om-85. Ash in wood, pulp, paper, and paperboard. Atlanta: TAPPI Press. 1985.Hallac B.B., Ragauskas A.J. Analyzing cellulose degree of polymerization and its relevancy to cellulosic ethanol // Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 2011. Vol. 5. Issue 2. P. 215–225 https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.269Hallac BB, Ragauskas AJ. Analyzing cellulose degree of polymerization and its relevancy to cellulosic ethanol. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 2011;5(2):215–225 https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.269Кащеева Е.И., Будаева В.В. Определение реакционной способности к ферментативному гидролизу целлюлозосодержащих субстратов // Заводская лаборатория. Диагностика материалов. 2018. Т. 84. N 10. С. 5–11. https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2018-84-10-5-11Kashcheyeva EI, Budaeva VV. Determination of the reactivity of cellulosic substrates towards enzymatic hydrolysis. Zavodskaya laboratoriya. Diagnostika materialov = Industrial Laboratory. Diagnostics of materials. 2018;84(10):5–11. (In Russian) https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2018-84-10-5-11Miller G.L. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar // Analytical Chemistry. 1959. Vol. 31. N 3. P. 426–428. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60147a030Miller G.L. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Analytical Chemistry. 1959;31(3):426–428. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60147a030Dotsenko A., Gusakov A., Rozhkova A., Sinitsyna O., Shashkov I., Sinitsyn A. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic materials using synthetic mixtures of purified cellulases bioengineered at Nglycosylation sites // 3 Biotech. 2018. Vol. 8. N 9. P. 396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-018-1419-4Dotsenko A, Gusakov A, Rozhkova A, Sinitsyna O, Shashkov I, Sinitsyn A. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic materials using synthetic mixtures of purified cellulases bioengineered at N-glycosylation sites. 3 Biotech. 2018;8(9):396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-018-1419-4Pavlov I.N. A setup for studying the biocatalytic conversion of products from the processing of Nonwood Raw Materials // Catalysis in Industry. 2014. Vol. 6. Issue 4. P. 350–360. https://doi.org/10.1134/S207005041404014XPavlov IN. A setup for studying the biocatalytic conversion of products from the processing of Nonwood Raw Materials. Catalysis in Industry. 2014;6(4):350–360. https://doi.org/10.1134/S207005041404014XKashcheyeva E.I., Gladysheva E.K., Skiba E.A., Budaeva V.V. A study of properties and enzymatic hydrolysis of bacterial cellulose // Cellulose. 2019. Vol. 26. Issue 4. P. 2255–2265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-02242-7Kashcheyeva EI, Gladysheva EK, Skiba EA, Budaeva VV. A study of properties and enzymatic hydrolysis of bacterial cellulose. Cellulose. 2019;26(4):2255–2265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-02242-7СкибаЕ.А., БайбаковаО.В., Будаева В.В., Павлов И.Н., Макарова Е.И., Миронова Г.Ф. [и др.]. Биоэтанол из плодовых оболочек овса, предварительно обработанных методом щелочной делигнификации. II. Масштабирование процесса получения биоэтанола в условиях опытного производства // Биотехнология. 2017. Т. 33. N 3. С. 47–56. https://doi.org/10.21519/0234- 2758-2017-33-3-47-56Skiba EA, Baibakova OV, Budaeva VV, Pavlov IN, Makarova EI, Mironova GF., et al., Bioethanol from Oat Hulls Pretreated by Alkaline Delignification. II. Scaling of Alcoholic Fermentation up to Pilot Process. Biotekhnologiya = Biotechnology. 2017;33(3):47–56. (In Russian) https://doi.org/10. 21519/0234-2758-2017-33-3-47-56Schläfle S., Tervahartiala T., Senn T., Kölling-Paternoga R. Quantitative and visual analysis of enzymatic lignocellulose degradation // Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2017. Vol. 11. P. 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab. 2017.06.002Schläfle S, Tervahartiala T, Senn T, KöllingPaternoga R. Quantitative and visual analysis of enzymatic lignocellulose degradation. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2017;11:42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2017.06.002Liu L., Sun X., Zhang L., Qing Y., Yan N., Chen J., Wu Y. Obtaining nanofibers from lignocellulosic residues after bioethanol production // Cellulose. 2019. Vol. 26. N 6. P. 3725–3734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02333-zLiu L, Sun X, Zhang L, Qing Y, Yan N, Chen J, Wu Y. Obtaining nanofibers from lignocellulosic residues after bioethanol production. Cellulose. 2019;26(6):3725–3734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s105 70-019-02333-zDe Oliveira J.P., Bruni G.P., el HalalS.L.M., Bertoldi F.C., Dias A.R.G., da Rosa Zavareze E. Cellulose nanocrystals from rice and oat husks and their application in aerogels for food packaging // International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2018. Vol. 124. P. 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.205De Oliveira JP, Bruni GP, el Halal SLM, Bertoldi FC, Dias ARG, da Rosa Zavareze E. Cellulose nanocrystals from rice and oat husks and their application in aerogels for food packaging. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2018;124: 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.205

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.