vuzbiochemiИзвестия вузов. Прикладная химия и биотехнологияProceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology2227-29252500-1558ИРНИТУ10.21285/2227-2925-2020-10-3-424-438vuzbiochemi-416Research ArticleФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКАЯ БИОЛОГИЯPHYSICOCHEMICAL BIOLOGYЭволюция взглядов на иммунитет растений: от закона H.H. Flor «ген-на-ген» до «зигзаг модели» J. Jones и J. DanglEvolution of views on plant immunity: from Flor’s “gene-for-gene” theory to the “zig-zag model” developed by Jones and DanglШафиковаТ. Н.ShafikovaT. N.

Шафикова Татьяна Николаевна, к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник

664033, г. Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, 132

Tat'yana N. Shafikova, Cand. Sci. (Biology), Senior Scientist 

132, Lermontov St., Irkutsk, 664033

t-shafikova@yandex.ruОмеличкинаЮ. В.OmelichkinaYu. V.

Омеличкина Юлия Викторовна, к.б.н., ведущий инженер

664033, г. Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, 132

Yuliya V. Omelichkina, Cand. Sci. (Biology), Leading Engineer 

132, Lermontov St., Irkutsk, 664033

omelichkina@yandex.ruСибирский институт физиологии и биохимии растений СО РАНРоссияSiberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry SB RASRussian Federation202008102020103424438Copyright © Шафикова Т.Н., Омеличкина Ю.В., 20202020Шафикова Т.Н., Омеличкина Ю.В.Shafikova T.N., Omelichkina Y.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vuzbiochemi.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/416

Изучение защитных механизмов растения в ответ на воздействие патогена привело к созданию в середине прошлого века концепции «ген-на-ген взаимодействия» (H.H. Flor), которая на сегодняшний день признана классической теорией фитоиммунитета. Согласно данной теории, исход взаимоотношений в фитопатосистеме «растение – патоген» – совместимость или несовместимость, находится под генетическим контролем взаимодействующих организмов и определяется наличием специфических генов патогена и растения-хозяина. Достижения последних лет в области фитоиммунологии, полученные благодаря новейшим методам молекулярной биологии и биоинформатики, существенно дополнили и углубили классические взгляды на иммунитет растений и обосновали современную концепцию фитоиммунитета «зигзаг модель» (J. Jones и J. Dangl). Согласно современным воззрениям, защита растительного организма от воздействий патогена определяется функционированием многоуровневой врожденной иммунной системы с участием различных структур и механизмов специфического и неспецифического врожденного иммунитета. Распознавание мембранными растительными рецепторами консервативных молекулярных паттернов, ассоциированных с микроорганизмами, а также молекул, возникающих вследствие атаки гидролитическими ферментами патогена клеточных стенок хозяина, определяет базовый неспецифический иммунитет растения. Детекция эффекторных молекул патогена внутриклеточными рецепторами растения запускает специфический эффектор-индуцируемый иммунитет, включающий развитие реакции сверхчувствительности, системной устойчивости и иммунной памяти растения. Факторы вирулентности и стратегии нападения патогенов, с одной стороны, и участники, и механизмы иммунной системы растений, с другой, являются результатом постоянного совместного эволюционирования, что напоминает «гонку вооружения и обороны» между противоборствующими сторонами. В статье обсуждаются молекулярно-генетические процессы врожденного иммунитета растений, их механизм и участники в свете современных достижений фитоиммунологии.

The study of plant defence mechanisms in response to pathogens in the mid-20th century resulted in Harold Flor’s gene-for-gene interaction hypothesis, which became recognised as central to the study of phytoimmunity. According to this theory, the outcome of interactions in plant – pathogen phytopathosystems – i.e. compatibility or incompatibility – is controlled genetically in interacting organisms and determined by the presence of specific genes in both pathogen and plant: resistance genes in the plant and avirulence genes in pathogen. The latest achievements in phytoimmunology, obtained with the help of modern molecular biology and bioinformatics methods, have made a significant contribution to the classical understanding of plant immunity and provided grounds for a modern concept of phytoimmunity consisting in the “zig-zag model” developed by Jonathan Jones and Jefferey Dangl. Plant immunity is currently understood as being determined by an innate multi-layer immune system involving various structures and mechanisms of specific and non-specific immunity. Recognition by plant membrane receptors of conservative molecular patterns associated with microorganisms, as well as molecules produced during cell wall disruption by pathogen hydrolytic enzymes forms a basic non-specific immune response in the plant. Detection of pathogen effector molecules by plant intra-cellular receptors triggers a specific effector-triggered immunity, resulting in the development of the hypersensitive response, systemic resistance and immune memory of the plant. Virulence factors and pathogen attack strategies on the one hand, and mechanisms of plant immune protection on the other, are the result of one form of constant co-evolution, often termed an “evolutionary arms race”. This paper discusses the main principles of Flor's classical “gene-for-gene interaction” theory as well as the molecular-genetic processes of plant innate immunity, their mechanisms and participants in light of contemporary achievements in phytoimmunology.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.