vuzbiochemiИзвестия вузов. Прикладная химия и биотехнологияProceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology2227-29252500-1558ИРНИТУ10.21285/2227-2925-2022-12-2-192-207vuzbiochemi-805Research ArticleХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИCHEMICAL SCIENCESПолимерные композиты и их свойстваPolymer composites and their propertieshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1609-4924ЛебедеваО. В.LebedevaO. V.

О. В. Лебедева, к.х.н., доцент664074, г. Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, 83

Oksana V. Lebedeva, Cand. Sci. (Chemistry), Associate Professor

83, Lermontov St., 664074, Irkutsk

lebedeva@istu.eduhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9220-9765СипкинаЕ. И.SipkinaE. I.

Е. И. Сипкина, к.х.н., доцент

664074, г. Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, 83

Evgeniya I. Sipkina, Cand. Sci. (Chemistry), Associate Professor

83, Lermontov St., 664074, Irkutsk

evgiv84@mail.ruИркутский национальный исследовательский технический университетРоссияIrkutsk National Research Technical UniversityRussian Federation202204072022122192207Copyright © Лебедева О.В., Сипкина Е.И., 20222022Лебедева О.В., Сипкина Е.И.Lebedeva O.V., Sipkina E.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vuzbiochemi.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/805

В данном обзоре обобщены результаты исследований в области полимерных композитов, полученных различными методами. Разработка полимерных материалов и композитов на их основе является одним из перспективных направлений. Композиты, в которых матрицей служит полимерный материал (полимеры, олигомеры, сополимеры), являются одним из самых многочисленных и разнообразных видов материалов. Они широко применяются в промышленности для изготовления стекловидных, керамических, электроизоляционных покрытий, в качестве адсорбентов при очистке сточных вод от ионов тяжелых металлов, а также для получения ионообменных мембран. Композиционные материалы обладают уникальными свойствами, такими как большая площадь поверхности, термическая и механическая стабильность, хорошая селективность по отношению к различным загрязнителям, экономическая эффективность. В обзоре представлены физико-химические и структурные характеристики композитных материалов на основе синтетических полимеров (полимер-углеродные, полимерглинистые композиты), полимерных гетероциклических и кремнийорганических соединений. Полимер-углеродные и полимерглинистые композиты эффективны для удаления органических и неорганических загрязняющих веществ в различных областях применения. Однако следует заметить, что они не достигли оптимальных эксплуатационных характеристик в качестве адсорбентов для крупносерийного производства. Гибридные материалы, полученные золь-гель методом, заслуживают особого внимания. При использовании этого метода можно сравнительно легко влиять на состав и строение поверхностного слоя в таких материалах, которые применяются в качестве адсорбентов тяжелых и благородных металлов, катализаторов, мембран, сенсоров, в биологическом антибиозе, ионообменном катализе и т. д. Такие композиты отличаются повышенной механической прочностью и термостабильностью, обладают улучшенными термохимическими, реологическими, электрическими и оптическими свойствами.

The review article summarizes the results of studies conducted in the field of polymer composites obtained by various methods. An important industrial activity is structured around the development of polymeric materials and composites based on them. Composite materials having a matrix comprised of a polymeric material (polymers, oligomers, copolymers) are highly numerous and diverse. They are widely used in the industry for the manufacture of vitreous, ceramic, electrically insulating coatings, as adsorbents in the treatment of wastewater from heavy metal ions, and in the production of ion-exchange membranes. Composite materials have unique properties such as a large surface area, thermal and mechanical stability, good selectivity against various contaminants, and cost-effectiveness. The review presents the physicochemical and structural characteristics of composite materials based on synthetic polymers (polymer-carbon, polymerclay composites), polymeric heterocyclic and organosilicon compounds. Used across a variety of applications, polymer-carbon and polymer-clay composites are effective in removing organic and inorganic contaminants. However, when used as adsorbents for large-scale production, they have yet to achieve optimum performance. Hybrid materials obtained by the sol-gel method deserve special attention. This method can be conveniently used to influence the composition and structure of the surface layer of such materials as adsorbents of heavy and noble metals, catalysts, membranes and sensors for applications in biological antibiosis, ion exchange catalysis, etc. Such composites are characterized by their increased mechanical strength and thermal stability, as well as offering improved thermochemical, rheological, electrical and optical properties.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.