Каротиноиды: обзор основных биотехнологических способов и условий получения

Каротиноиды представляют собой группу изопреноидных пигментов, обладающих высокой биологической активностью, не ограниченной провитаминными свойствами. Благодаря способности участвовать в окислительно-восстановительных реакциях, каротины все чаще рассматриваются в качестве перспективных соединений в системах профилактики и коррекции сердечно-сосудистых и нейродегенеративных нарушений, онкологии и других заболеваний. Каротиноиды широко используются при изготовлении пищевых добавок и красителей, кормов для аквакультуры, сельскохозяйственных животных и птиц, а также в нутрицевтике и косметике. При составлении оптимальных рационов кормления отдельно рассматривается питательность по витамину А, поскольку данный витамин является жизненно необходимым для нормального роста, развития, поддержания и воспроизводства. Основным предшественником витамина А является β-каротин, поступающий в организм исключительно с растительными кормами. Однако содержащийся в растительном сырье каротин является неустойчивым соединением, в связи с чем становится актуальным использование кормовых добавок, содержащих в своем составе в числе прочего и β-каротин. В промышленности каротиноиды получают путем или химического, или биологического синтеза. При этом большую часть – 80–90% каротиноидов – получают путем именно химического синтеза. В то же время запрос общества на экологизацию производства диктует необходимость поиска альтернативных путей получения каротиноидов. В данной статье представлен обзор основных биотехнологических способов получения каротинов с использованием ряда микроорганизмов, включая микроводоросли, бактерии и грибы, а также проанализировано влияние условий культивирования на выход целевых пигментов.

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