Barrier property features of various sands of the South-Western Baikal region in relation to typical environmentally hazardous wastewater

To determine the barrier properties of some sands of the southwestern coast of Lake Baikal, their holding capacity of such aggressive substances as petroleum products (tested on the example of gasoline emulsion) and household wastewater (tested on the example of surface-active substances (surfactants) and acommon household liquid detergent "Biolan") was evaluated. The throughput capacity of sands with respect to carriers imitating domestic wastewater was studied along with the adsorption capacity with respect to individual surfactants – in this case, typical detergents (sodium oleate, sodium dodecyl sulphate, sodium hexadecyl sulphate and sodium tetradecyl sulphate). It was established that holding capacity with respect to oil products and domestic wastewater varies according to the different source locations of sand samples obtained from the southwestern Baikal region. For instance, sands from the Baikal lake coast near the village Khuzhir possess the highest holding capacity for gasoline effluent; this capacity decreases for the sand samples collected near Baykalsk and Angasolka, and is most insignificant for sand samples derived from Obuteikha. Although this difference may be attributed to many factors, the most significant of these is particle size distribution. In relation to the effluents of the Biolan household detergent, the holding capacity of the sands predominantly depends on the crystalline chemical composition, with the best properties in this series of experiments being demonstrated by the sand obtained from Angasolka containing the clay mineral antophyllite. The results of adsorption tests showed that individual surfactants can be adsorbed on the surface of mineral particles via a molecular or micellar mechanism. It has been suggested that the adsorption mechanism depends both on the crystallographic features of mineral adsorbents and on the composition and structure of surfactant molecules.

Thus, it is shown that, in terms of their inherent qualities, natural sands occurring in the southwestern coast of Lake Baikal can serve as a protective barrier for underlying soils and groundwater.

1. Koganovskii AM, Klimenko NA, Levchenko TM, Marutovskii RM, Roda IG. Wastewater treatment and use in industrial water supply. Moscow: Khimiya; 1983. 288 p. (In Russian)

2. Oradovskaya AE, Lapshin NN. Sanitary protection of groundwater intakes. Moscow: Nedra; 1987. 167 p. (In Russian)

3. Kouzov PA. Fundamentals of analysis of the dispersed composition of industrial dusts and crushed materials. Leningrad: Khimiya; 1987. 264 p. (In Russian)

4. Revenko AG. X-ray fluorescence analysis of natural materials. Novosibirsk: Nauka; 1994. 264 p. (In Russian)

5. Tovbin YK. Molecular Theory of Adsorption in Porous Bodies. Moscow: Fizmatlit; 2012. 624 p. (In Russian)

6. Tomashpol'skii YuYa. Surface autosegregation in chemical compounds. Moscow: Nauchnyi mir; 2013. 207 p. (In Russian)

7. Tomashpol'skii YuYa. Segregation phenomena on the surface of crystals of chemical compounds. Zhurnal fizicheskoi khimii = Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2018;92(6):871–882. (In Russian) https://doi/org/10.7868/S0044453718060031

8. Roldugin VI. Physicochemistry of the surface. Dolgoprudnyi: Intellekt; 2016. 568 p. (In Russian)

9. Israelachvili JN. Intermolecular and surface forces. London: Academic press, 1991. (Russ. ed.: Israelachvili JN. Mezhmolekulyarnye i poverkhnostnye sily. Moscow: Nauchnyi mir; 2011. 456 p.)

10. Yakovleva AA, Nam TX, Pridatchen-ko YuV, Shuvaeva EM. About the critical micelle concentration of sodium oleate. Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya = Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Bio-technology. 2013;1:105–111. (In Russian)

11. Shinoda BK, Nakagawa T, Tamamushi B-I, Isemura T. Colloidal surfactants. Some Physicochemical Properties. Academic Press; 310 p. (Russ. ed.: Shinoda K, Nakagawa T, Tamamushi B, Isemura T. Kolloidnye poverkhnostno-aktivnye vesh-chestva. Fiziko-khimicheskie svoistva. Moscow: Mir; 1966. 320 p.)

12. Holmberg K, Jonsson B, Kronberg B, Lind-man B. Surfactants and polymers in aqueous solutions. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Hoboken, 2003. 562 p. (Russ. ed.: Holmberg K, Jonsson B., Kronberg B, Lindman B. Poverkhnostno-aktivnye veshchestva i polimery v vodnykh rastvorakh. Moscow: Binom. Laboratoriya znanii; 2007. 528 p.)

13. Rusanov AI, Shchyokin AK. Micelle Formation in Surfactant Solutions. St. Petersburg: Lan'; 2016. 612 p. (In Russian)

14. Kuznetsov VS, Badelin VG, Tyunina EYu, Zherdev VP. Properties of micellar solutions of sodium decyl sulfate at relatively high concentrations. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2019;93(4):674–681. https://doi/org/10.1134/S0044453719040174

15. Tovbin YK. Deformability of adsorbents during adsorption and principles of the thermodynamics of solid-phase systems. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2017;91(9):1621–1634. https://doi/org/10.1134/S0036024417090308

16. Yakovlev VY, Fomkin AA, Tvardovski AV. Adsorption and deformation phenomena at the interaction of CO2 and a microporous carbon ad-sorbent. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2003;268(1):33–36. https://doi/org/10.1016/s0021-9797(03)00696-9

17. Shkilev VP, Lobanov VV. Thermodynamics of adsorption on deformable adsorbents. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2017;91(4):758–765. https://doi/org/10.1134/S0036024417040276