Полимерные композиты и их свойства

В данном обзоре обобщены результаты исследований в области полимерных композитов, полученных различными методами. Разработка полимерных материалов и композитов на их основе является одним из перспективных направлений. Композиты, в которых матрицей служит полимерный материал (полимеры, олигомеры, сополимеры), являются одним из самых многочисленных и разнообразных видов материалов. Они широко применяются в промышленности для изготовления стекловидных, керамических, электроизоляционных покрытий, в качестве адсорбентов при очистке сточных вод от ионов тяжелых металлов, а также для получения ионообменных мембран. Композиционные материалы обладают уникальными свойствами, такими как большая площадь поверхности, термическая и механическая стабильность, хорошая селективность по отношению к различным загрязнителям, экономическая эффективность. В обзоре представлены физико-химические и структурные характеристики композитных материалов на основе синтетических полимеров (полимер-углеродные, полимерглинистые композиты), полимерных гетероциклических и кремнийорганических соединений. Полимер-углеродные и полимерглинистые композиты эффективны для удаления органических и неорганических загрязняющих веществ в различных областях применения. Однако следует заметить, что они не достигли оптимальных эксплуатационных характеристик в качестве адсорбентов для крупносерийного производства. Гибридные материалы, полученные золь-гель методом, заслуживают особого внимания. При использовании этого метода можно сравнительно легко влиять на состав и строение поверхностного слоя в таких материалах, которые применяются в качестве адсорбентов тяжелых и благородных металлов, катализаторов, мембран, сенсоров, в биологическом антибиозе, ионообменном катализе и т. д. Такие композиты отличаются повышенной механической прочностью и термостабильностью, обладают улучшенными термохимическими, реологическими, электрическими и оптическими свойствами.

1. Pang H., Wu Y., Wang X., Hu B., Wang X. Recent advances in composites of graphene and layered double hydroxides for water remediation: a review // Chemistry Asian Journal. 2019. Vol. 14, no. 15. P. 2542–2552. https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201900493.

2. Liu X., Ma R., Wang X. Graphene oxidebased materials for efficient removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution: a review // Environmental Pollution. 2019. Vol. 252. P. 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.050.

3. Wang X., Chen L., Wang L., Fan Q., Pan D., Li J., et al. Synthesis of novel nanomaterials and their application in efficient removal of radionuclides // Science China Chemistry. 2019. Vol. 62, no. 8. P. 933– 967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-019-9492-4.

4. Saadati J., Pakizeh M. Separation of oil/water emulsion using a new PSf/pebax/F-MWCNT nanocomposite membrane // Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2017. Vol. 71. P. 265– 276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.12.024.

5. Bankole M. T., Abdulkareem A. S., Mohammed I. A., Ochigbo S. Sh., Tijani J. O., Abubakre O. K., et al. Selected heavy metals removal from electroplating wastewater by purified and polyhydroxylbutyrate functionalized carbon nanotubes adsorbents // Scientific Reports. 2019. Vol. 9, no. 1. P. 4475–4494. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37899-4.

6. Hayati B., Maleki A., Najafi F., Gharibi F., McKay G., Gupta V. K., et al. Heavy metal adsorption using PAMAM/CNT nanocomposite from aqueous solution in batch and continuous fixed bed systems // Chemical Engineering Journal. 2018. Vol. 346. P. 258–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.172.

7. Yue Y., Wang X., Wu Q., Han J., Jiang J. Assembly of polyacrylamide-sodium alginate-based organic-inorganic hydrogel with mechanical and adsorption properties // Polymers. 2019. Vol. 11, no. 8. P. 1239–1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11081239.

8. Kumar R., Ansari M. O., Alshahrie A., Darwesh R., Parveen N., Yadav S. K., et al. Adsorption modeling and mechanistic insight of hazardous chromium on para toluene sulfonic acid immobilized-polyaniline/CNTs nanocomposites // Journal of Saudi Chemical Society. 2019. Vol. 23, no. 2. P. 188–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2018.06.005.

9. Xie Y., He C., Liu L., Mao L., Wang K., Huang Q., et al. Carbon nanotube-based polymer nanocomposites: biomimic preparation and organic dye adsorption applications // RSC Advances. 2015. Vol. 5, no. 100. P. 82503–82512. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA15626B.

10. Dong L., Fan W., Tong X., Zhang H., Chen M., Zhao Y. A CO2-responsive graphene oxide/polymer composite nanofiltration membrane for water purification // Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2018. Vol. 6, no. 16. P. 6785–791. https://doi.org/10.1039/ C8TA00623G.

11. Kim S., Lin X., Ou R., Liu H., Zhang X., Simon G. P., et al. Highly crosslinked, chlorine tolerant polymer network entwined graphene oxide membrane for water desalination // Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2017. Vol. 5, no. 4. P. 1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA07350F.

12. Zhao J., Chen H., Ye H., Zhang B., Xu L. Poly(dimethylsiloxane)/graphene oxide composite sponge: a robust and reusable adsorbent for efficient oil/water separation // Soft Matter. 2019. Vol. 15, no. 45. P. 9224–9232. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SM01984G.

13. Alghamdi A. A., Al-Odayni A.-B., Saeed W. S., Al-Kahtani A., Alharthi F. A., Aouak T. Efficient adsorption of lead (II) from aqueous phase solutions using polypyrrole-based activated carbon // Materials. 2019. Vol. 12, no. 12. P. 2020. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ma12122020.

14. Gardi I., Mishael Y. G. Designing a regenerable stimuliresponsive grafted polymer-clay sorbent for filtration of water pollutants // Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 2018. Vol. 19, no. 1. P. 588– 598. https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2018.1499381.

15. Atta A. M., Al-Lohedan H. A., Alothman Z. A., Abdel Khalek A. A., Tawfeek A. M. Characterization of reactive amphiphilic montmorillonite nanogels and its application for removal of toxic cationic dye and heavy metals water pollutants // Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2015. Vol. 31. P. 374– 384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2015.07.012.

16. Medhat Bojnourd F., Pakizeh M. Preparation and characterization of a nanoclay/PVA/PSf nanocomposite membrane for removal of pharmaceuticals from water // Applied Clay Science. 2018. Vol. 162. P. 326–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.06.029.

17. Nakhjiri M. T., Marandi G. B., Kurdtabar M. Effect of bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate as a crosslinker on poly (AAm-co-AMPS)/Na-MMT hydrogel nanocomposite as potential adsorbent for dyes: kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic study // Journal of Polymer Research. 2018. Vol. 25, no. 11. Article number 244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-018-1625-0.

18. Wang Y., Xiong Y., Wang J., Zhang X. Ultrasonic-assisted fabrication of montmorillonite-lignin hybrid hydrogel: highly efficient swelling behaviors and super-sorbent for dye removal from wastewater // Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2017. Vol. 520. P. 903–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.02.050.

19. Jinadasa K. K., Peña-Vázquez E., BermejoBarrera P., Moreda-Piñeiro A. New adsorbents based on imprinted polymers and composite nanomaterials for arsenic and mercury screening/speciation: a review // Microchemical Journal. 2020. Vol. 156. P. 104886–104895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.104886.

20. Liu Y., Chang X., Yang D., Guo Y., Meng S. Highly selective determination of inorganic mercury(II) after preconcentration with HG(II)-imprinted diazoaminobenzene–vinylpyridine copolymers // Analytica Chimica Acta. 2005. Vol. 538, no. 1-2. P. 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.02.017.

21. Tsoi Y.-K., Ho Y.-M., Leung K. S. Y. Selective recognition of arsenic by tailoring ion-imprinted polymer for ICP-MS quantification // Talanta. 2012. Vol. 89. P. 162–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.007.

22. Nabid M. R., Sedghi R., Hajimirza R., Oskooie H. A., Heravi M. M. A nanocomposite made from conducting organic polymers and multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the adsorption and separation of gold(III) ions // Microchimica Acta. 2011. Vol. 175. P. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-011-0680-6.

23. Tarley C. R. T., Diniz K. M., Suquilaa F. A. C., Segatellia M. G. Study on the performance of microflow injection preconcentration method on-line coupled to thermospray flame furnace AAS using MWCNTs wrapped with polyvinylpyridine nanocomposites as adsorbent // RSC Advances. 2017. Vol. 7. P. 19296. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA01220A.

24. Yamada Y. M. A., Sarkar S. M., Uozumi Y. Self-assembled poly(imidazole-palladium): highly active, reusable catalyst at parts per million to parts per billion levels // Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2012. Vol. 134. P. 3190–3198. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja210772v.

25. Ohno A., Sato T., Mase T., Uozumi Y., Yamada Y. M. A. A convoluted polyvinylpyridine‐palladium catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling and C−H arylation // Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis. 2020. Vol. 362, no. 21. P. 4687–4698. https://doi.org/10.1002/adsc.202000742.

26. Sato T., Ohno A., Shaheen M., Uozumi S. Y., Yamada Y. M. A. A Convoluted polymeric imidazole palladium catalyst: structural elucidation and investigation of the driving force for the efficient Mizoroki–Heck reaction // ChemCatChem. 2015. Vol. 7, no. 14. P. 2141–2148. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201500249.

27. Zinovyeva V. A., Vorotyntsev M. A., Bezverkhyy I., Chaumont D., Hierso J.-C. Highly dispersed palladium-polypyrrole nanocomposites: Inwater synthesis and application for catalytic arylation of heteroaromatics by direct C-H bond activation // Advanced Functional Materials. 2011. Vol. 21, no. 6. P. 1064–1075. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201001912.

28. Voronkov M. G., Vlasova N. N., Pozhidaev Yu. N. Organosilicon ion-exchange and complexing adsorbents // Applied Organometallic Chemistry. 2000. Vol. 14, no. 6. P. 287–303. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0739(200006)14:63.0.CO;2-Y.

29. Zub Yu. L., Chuiko A. A. Salient features of synthesis and structure of surface of functionalized polysiloxane xerogels. In: Colloidal silica: fundamentals and applications. Bergna H. E., Roberts W. O. (eds.). Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2006. Vol. 131. P. 397–424. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420028706.

30. Zub Yu. L., Chuiko A. A. Synthesis, structure and adsorption properties of functionalized polysiloxane materials // Combined and Hybrid Adsorbents. 2006. Vol. 45. P. 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5172-7_1.

31. Armanini L., Carturan G., Boninsegna S., Dal Monte R., Muraca M. SiO2-Entrapment of animal cells. Part 2: protein diffusion through collagen membranes coated with sol-gel SiO2 // Journal of Materials Chemistry. 1999. Vol. 9, no. 12. P. 3057– 3060. https://doi.org/10.1039/A907302G.

32. Wei Y., Xu J., Feng Q., Dong H., Lin M. Encapsulation of enzymes in mesoporous host material via the nonsurfactant-templated sol-gel process // Materials Letters. 2000. Vol. 44, no. 1. P. 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-577X(99)00287-6.

33. Patel S., Bandyopadhyay A., Vijayabaskar V., Bhowmick A. K. Effect of acrylic copolymer and terpolymer composition on the properties of in-situ polymer/silica hybrid nanocomposites // Journal of Materials Science. 2006. Vol. 41, no. 3. P. 927–936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-6576-x.

34. Bonilla G., Martinez M., Mendoza A. M., Widmaier J.-M. Ternary interpenetrating networks of polyurethane-poly(methyl methacrylate)-silica: preparation by the sol-gel process and characterization of films // European Polymer Journal. 2006. Vol. 42, no. 11. P. 2977–2986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.07.011.

35. Li S., Shah A., Hsieh A. J., Haghighat R., Praveen S. S., Mukherjee I., et al. Characterization of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-silica) hybrid materials with different silica contents // European Polymer Journal. 2007. Vol. 48, no. 14. P. 3982–3989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.07.011.

36. Tamai T., Watanabe M. Acrylic polymer/silica hybrids prepared by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization and the sol-gel process // Journal of Polymer Science. 2006. Vol. 44, no. 1. P. 273–280.

37. Ogoshi T., Chujo Y. Synthesis of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF)/silica hybrids having interpenetrating polymer network structure by using crystallization between PVdF chains // Journal of Polymer Science. 2005. Vol. 43, no. 16. P. 3543–3550.

38. Das N. S., Cordoba T. S. I., Zoppi R. A. Template synthesis of polyaniline: a route to achieve nanocomposites // Synthetic Metals. 1999. Vol. 101, no. 1-3. P. 754–755.

39. Yang X., Wang W., Cao L., Wang J. Effects of reaction parameters on the preparation of P4VP/SiO2 composite aerogel via supercritical CO2 drying // Polymer Composites. 2019. Vol. 40, no. 11. P. 4205–4214. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25281.

40. Hannachi Y., Hafidh A., Ayed S. Bi-Functionalized hybrid materials as novel adsorbents for heavy metal removal from aqueous solution: batch and fixed-bed techniques. In: Water chemistry. Eyvaz M., Yüksel E. (eds.). 2019. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86802.

41. Abdalla S., Al-Marzouki F., Obaid A., Gamal S. Effect of addition of colloidal silica to films of polyimide, polyvinylpyridine, polystyrene, and polymethylmethacrylate nano-composites // Materials. 2016. Vol. 9, no. 2. P. 104–115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9020104.

42. Bakangura E., Wu L., Ge L., Yang Z., Xu T. Mixed matrix proton exchange membranes for fuel cells: state of the art and perspectives // Progress in Polymer Science. 2016. Vol. 57. P. 103–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.11.004.

43. Jalani N. H., Dunn K., Datta R. Synthesis and characterization of Nafion®-MO2 (M=Zr, Si, Ti) nanocomposite membranes for higher temperature PEM fuel cells // Electrochimica Acta. 2005. Vol. 51, no. 3. P. 553–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2005.05.016.

44. He R., Li Q., Xiao G., Bjerrum N. J. Proton conductivity of phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole and its composites with inorganic proton conductors // Journal of Membrane Science. 2003. Vol. 226, no. 1-2. P. 169–184. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.memsci.2003.09.002.

45. Enhessari M., Razi M. K., Etemad L., Parviz A., Sakhaei M. Structural, optical and magnetic properties of the Fe2TiO5 nanopowders // Journal of Experimental Nanoscience. 2014. Vol. 9. P. 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/17458080.2011.649432.

46. Bonnet B., Jones D. J., Roziere J., Tchicaya L., Alberti G., Casciola M., et al. Hybrid organicinorganic membranes for a medium temperature fuel cell // Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems. 2000. Vol. 3. P. 87–92.

47. Salarizadeh P., Javanbakht M., Pourmahdian S. Fabrication and physico-chemical properties of iron titanate nanoparticles based sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) membrane for proton exchange membrane fuel cell application // Solid State Ionics. 2015. Vol. 281. P. 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2015.08.014.