Three-dimensional heterocyclic polymers can be obtained by the migration copolymerization of bis-imides of unsaturated dicarboxylic acids and such nucleophiles as diamines, bisphenols and bismercaptans. As-obtained nitrogen-containing heat-resistant polymers are of practical interest due to their high performance and the availability of the feedstock. In this work, we propose to obtain heat-resistant polymeric materials through the synthesis of oligobenzotriazolylimides by interaction of bis-maleimides with benzotriazoles. One-stage melt synthesis producing no by-products and requiring no organic solvents seems to be the most suitable method from the technological and environmental standpoint. Optimal conditions for the synthesis of polymers were determined using the method of compositional orthogonal planning. Reduced viscosity was chosen as the optimization parameter; the initial concentration of monomers, as well the duration and temperature of synthesis, were the variable factors affecting the optimization parameter. The structure, properties and mechanical characteristics of the obtained polymers were studied. The structure of oligomers and polymers was confirmed by IR and NMR spectroscopy data. A series of experiments was carried out to investigate the potential of extrusion-rolling casting technology for obtaining composite materials based on oligobenzotriazolylimides. This technology maintains initial substances in a fluid state for an extended period of time. The slower curing rate of oligomers facilitates the dissipation of the heat released during structuring, thus causing no local overheating of the material and resulting mechanical stresses. This improves the technological and physical-mechanical characteristics of the composites based on these oligomers. Optimal conditions for the production of polymer composites were identified, and their physical and mechanical properties were studied. A technology was proposed for obtaining materials resistant to aggressive media and temperature drops.

Pyrazole derivatives are of practical value as analytical reagents, dyes and medicinal substances. It is known that 1,2-dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenylpyrazol-3H-one (antipyrine) and its bidentate derivatives are good analytical reagents for d-metal ions (Cd²⁺, Fe³⁺, Sc³⁺, Ti⁴⁺, Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, etc.). The chelating ability of bi-, tri- and tetradentate antipyrine derivatives make them promising organic ligands for the synthesis of organometallic coordination polymers. Therefore, synthesis of new tetradentate derivatives of 1,2-dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3Hpyrazole-one seems to be a highly relevant research task. The aim of this work was to synthesize and study a new substance – 1,1,3,3-tetra-[1,2-dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3-oxopyrazole]propane (tetraantipyryl-propane). A review of existing methods for the synthesis of antipyrine derivatives through condensation of 1,2-dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one with aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes was carried out. A method was developed for the preparation and purification of 1,1,3,3-tetra-[1,2-dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3-oxopyrazole]propane by the reaction of electrophilic substitution of the protonated form of propandial (malonic dialdehyde) in the aromatic ring of the oxopyrazole heterocycle with a yield of 17.1%. The resulting compound is a white crystalline substance, readily soluble in organic polar and non-polar solvents, but insoluble in water. The purity of the recrystallized synthesis product was confirmed by measuring its melting point and conducting a qualitative reaction with sodium nitrite to detect an unsubstituted oxopyrazole cycle in the reaction substrate. The structure of 1,1,3,3-tetra-[1,2-dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3-oxopyrazole]propane was established by mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy.

Fundamental and applied research into aqueous and non-aqueous solutions of strong and weak electrolytes remains to be highly relevant, which fact is confirmed by a large number of Russian and foreign publications. In almost all such publications, acid-base interactions are considered exclusively with regard to changes in hydrogen ion concentrations. However, the ionic strength of solutions is determined by all ions present in the system, the concentration of which varies during interactions. This is particularly true for potentiometric titration of strong and weak electrolytes not only in aqueous, but also in more complex non-aqueous solutions, which differ significantly in their basic properties (dielectric constant, ionic product, dipole moment, viscosity, etc.). In the study of equilibria, it is more feasible to develop model representations that would greatly simplify and facilitate the computation and evaluation of certain properties of the system under consideration. In this work, acid-base interactions are presented in the form of equations based on mass action laws and those describing equilibrium processes, solvent ionic product, electroneutrality and material balance in electrolyte systems. The proposed equations consider the effect of the concentrations of all charged particles in the system (not only of hydrogen ions – pH) on the ionic strength of the solution, activity coefficients and, as a consequence, the thermodynamic dissociation constant. In addition, these equations allow the dependence between the equilibrium concentrations of all charged particles and the solution acidity determined by the potentiometric method to be expressed in convenient and objective logarithmic coordinates, thus facilitating estimation of the concentration of all particles at any moment of titration.

In protected ground, vegetables are exposed to various pests and pathogens of viral, bacterial or fungal diseases. Growing vegetables indoors requires the elimination of all chemical treatments and control over pathogens and pests. In this regard, the application of sensitive methods based on molecular markers in the diagnostics of pathogens is highly relevant. In this work, polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the most common diseases of tomato (Xanthomonas euvesicatoria), cucumber (Ascochyta cucumis) and potato (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus) plants. It was established that early diagnosis of vegetable diseases using polymerase chain reaction allows rapid detection of trace amounts of pathogenic microorganisms thus facilitating selection of effective fungicidal preparations. The creation of biological protection for vegetable crops is relevant considering their nutritional importance. New biological methods for protecting vegetables in greenhouses were tested. Thus, the fungicidal effect of the authors’ patented preparation developed for pre-sowing treatment of vegetable seeds in protected ground on the pathogens of tomato  black  bacterial  spot  (Xanthomonas  euvesicatoria)  and  cucumber  stem  hypertrophy (Ascochyta cucumis) was confirmed. Another preparation patented as a means of pre-sowing treatment of pea seeds demonstrated fungicidal action against the development of Phytophthora infectants on potato plants. It was observed that these preparations are effective at concentrations of 10^-4 % for soaking seeds and double treatment of plants during the flowering period.

The effect of metal (II)-containing composites based on extracellular metabolites of basidiomycetes Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola umbellata and Laetiporus sulphureus on the viability and response of potato plants in vitro has been investigated. The Lukyanovsky variety of potato, which is susceptible to ring rot, caused by the bacterium Clavibacter sepedonicus, was studied. The parameters investigated included biofilm formation by Clavibacter sepedonicus, various morphometric parameters of plants and the phytotoxicity of substances of fungal origin. The greatest anti-biofilm-forming effect was observed in metal-containing biocomposites based on G. lucidum; Fe- and Co-containing biopreparations inhibited the formation of Clavibacter sepedonicus biofilms by 40–50%. The plant height was adversely affected by composites, in the absence of metal (II), derived from L. sulphureus and P. ostreatus, as well as by a Co-containing composite derived from P. ostreatus. The decrease in plant growth, in comparison with the control, can be associated with the pronounced antibiotic properties of these basidiomycetes and cobalt. The remaining biocomposites studied did not have an adverse effect on the growth of potatoes in vitro. A number of morphometric parameters (length of internodes, number of leaves) remained virtually unchanged when exposed to biocomposites of fungal origin. In contrast to the vegetative part of plants, the biomass and length of the roots increased by 10–20% under the influence of biocomposites. Copper-containing composites derived from G. lucidum had no phytotoxic effect on plants and enhanced potato resistance to Clavibacter sepedonicus. The beneficial properties of biocomosites may be judged by the degree of stimulation of the physiological processes underlying the formation of the underground part of the plants, which is a prerequisite for increasing yields. The biocomposites are environmentally friendly because of their natural origin and being effective at very low doses. The results obtained using metal-containing biocomposites derived from G. lucidum and Gr. umbellata demonstrate the safety and possible improvement in health of potato plants by using biocomposites derived from cultures of higher fungi.

The study of plant defence mechanisms in response to pathogens in the mid-20th century resulted in Harold Flor’s gene-for-gene interaction hypothesis, which became recognised as central to the study of phytoimmunity. According to this theory, the outcome of interactions in plant – pathogen phytopathosystems – i.e. compatibility or incompatibility – is controlled genetically in interacting organisms and determined by the presence of specific genes in both pathogen and plant: resistance genes in the plant and avirulence genes in pathogen. The latest achievements in phytoimmunology, obtained with the help of modern molecular biology and bioinformatics methods, have made a significant contribution to the classical understanding of plant immunity and provided grounds for a modern concept of phytoimmunity consisting in the “zig-zag model” developed by Jonathan Jones and Jefferey Dangl. Plant immunity is currently understood as being determined by an innate multi-layer immune system involving various structures and mechanisms of specific and non-specific immunity. Recognition by plant membrane receptors of conservative molecular patterns associated with microorganisms, as well as molecules produced during cell wall disruption by pathogen hydrolytic enzymes forms a basic non-specific immune response in the plant. Detection of pathogen effector molecules by plant intra-cellular receptors triggers a specific effector-triggered immunity, resulting in the development of the hypersensitive response, systemic resistance and immune memory of the plant. Virulence factors and pathogen attack strategies on the one hand, and mechanisms of plant immune protection on the other, are the result of one form of constant co-evolution, often termed an “evolutionary arms race”. This paper discusses the main principles of Flor's classical “gene-for-gene interaction” theory as well as the molecular-genetic processes of plant innate immunity, their mechanisms and participants in light of contemporary achievements in phytoimmunology.

This work was aimed at investigating effects of low-temperature processing on the activity of proteolytic enzymes in various flour types. This study allowed an improved understanding of the mechanisms that change biotechnological processes in semi-finished dough products during low-temperature storage. The study of the effect of long-term low-temperature exposure on the activity of proteolytic enzymes in various flour types showed that this parameter depends on the medium pH, as well as on the flour type. During low-temperature storage, the activity of acid proteases tend to decrease by, on average, 10% in both traditional and non-traditional types of flour used for baking. The activity of weakly acidic and weakly alkaline proteases under the influence of low temperatures during storage depends on the flour type. At pH = 5.5, an increase in the duration of low-temperature exposure leads to a decrease in the proteolytic activity of spelt, wheat and buckwheat flour by, on average, 20, 12.5, and 18%, respectively. Conversely, this parameter increases in rye and oat flour by 12 and 28%, respectively. Under the influence of freezing and during low-temperature storage, the activity of weakly alkaline proteases in all studied flour types increases by 15.9%, except for buckwheat, the proteolytic activity of which decreases by 1.5–2 times during storage. It was established that proteolytic enzymes of corn flour exhibit the greatest resistance to long-term storage in a frozen form. Knowledge of the effect of low-temperature processing on the activity of proteolytic enzymes is important for predicting the rheological properties of semi-finished dough products and structural-mechanical and organoleptic characteristics of finished products. In addition, this knowledge facilitates the development of recipes and technological parameters for producing new bakery products based on frozen semi-finished products from traditional and non-traditional flour types.

This study examines the effect of a range of exogenous concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on the activity of transmembrane and soluble adenylate cyclases (EC 4.6.1.1) contained in root cells of pea seedlings infected with one of the following: Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Viciae, Pseudomonas syringae pv. Pisi, and Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus. The results showed that the pool of intracellular H₂O₂ increased when pea roots were infected with bacteria regardless of type. The study analysed the concentration of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a product of the adenosine triphosphate cyclization reaction catalyzed by transmembrane and soluble adenylate cyclases. The concentration of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate increased when infected with either Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae or Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. Sepedonicus; however, the concentration decreased by 20% when infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv. Pisi. The in vitro activity of soluble and transmembrane adenylate cyclases from pea root cells inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae was H₂O₂ dose-dependent: 100 nM of H₂O₂ reduced the activity of soluble and transmembrane adenylate cyclases slightly, while 26 µM inhibited their activity by 50–60%. When infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi, the reduction in the activity of soluble and transmembrane adenylate cyclases was independent of the concentrations of H₂O₂ in the range investigated. When infected with Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus, 100 nM of H₂O₂ inhibited the activity of transmembrane adenylate cyclases, although enhancing the activity of soluble adenylate cyclases. On the contrary, concentrations of H₂O₂ of 2.6 and 26 µM increased the activity of transmembrane adenylate cyclases and inhibited the activity of soluble adenylate cyclases. It can be concluded that the specific concentration of second messengers in plant cells depends on the specificity of the biotic stressor and forms, inter alia, by their mutual influence on the components of other plant signaling systems.

Xylanase is an enzyme that hydrolyses β-1,4 bonds in plant xylan. This enzyme is applied in the bioconversion of agro-industrial waste for xylooligosaccharide hydrolysate production to improve digestibility and nutrition value of animal feed, food processing, the utilisation and faster decomposition of crop debris in soil, as well as in cellulose bleaching and other industries. The current trend focuses on using renewable resources, such as agricultural waste, as substitutes for expensive purified xylan in producer screening and xylanase synthesis. This work aimed to determine the impact of Paenibacillus mucilaginosus cultivation conditions on the xylanase production yield. Rice bran ferment lysate along with birch and beech timber xylans were used as a carbon source. Temperature, medium pH, pH correction factors, inoculant incubation time, carbon and nitrogen sources and concentrations were the studied criteria of xylanase biosynthesis and growth in bacteria P. ucilaginosus strain 560. We show that the xylanase biosynthesis and cultivation in P. mucilaginosus strain 560 are more practical and cost-effective with the use of a rice bran ferment lysate-based nutrient medium. Inductors contained in the rice bran ferment lysate improve the xylanase biosynthesis. Calcium ions also facilitate biosynthesis in the studied strain. Cultivation recommendations are: carbon source concentration in medium 0.5% of total reducing substances content; 0.2% carbamide as optimal nitrogen source; calcium hydroxide as an agent for medium pH correction to 6.0±0.2; cultivation temperature 30±1 °С. Under the specified conditions, cultivation of P. mucilaginosus does not require inoculate preprocessing, and a maximal xylanase activity in stationary culture reaches 20 U/mL.

The analytical task of determining the phenolic compound content of water-ethanol extracts of Populus tremula L. (common aspen) leaves is complicated by the heterogeneity of compound groups having different polarities and appearing in varying concentrations. The purpose of the present work is to study the conditions of solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography used to analyse the content of different groups of phenolic compounds in water-ethanol extracts of leaves from the P. tremula plant. In order to facilitate the derivation of phenolic compounds, an exhaustive extraction process was carried out using ethanol. Solid-phase extraction was carried out using a Diapak C16 cartridge, after which the eluates were passed through a membrane filter having a pore diameter of 0.45 μm. The high-performance liquid chromatography method was used to determine the content of phenolic acids and flavonoid glycosides, as well as salicin and individual flavonoid glycoside components: hyperoside, rutin, astragalin and two unidentified flavonoid glycosides in aqueous (analyte 1) and aqueous-alcoholic fractions (analyte 2) in two systems along the gradient elution. The requirement of analysing the primary aqueous eluate together or in parallel with the main aqueous-alcoholic fraction in the preparation of P. tremula leaf extracts for high-performance liquid chromatography using solid-phase extraction cartridges was substantiated. For separating the extract to determine the hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acid content, it is preferable to use system 2; for determining the phenologlycoside (salicin) content, system 1 is more effective. Flavonoid glycosides (hyperoside, rutin, astragalin and two unidentified flavonoids) make the most significant contribution to the difference between the aqueous and aqueous-alcoholic fractions.

An array of sensors was selected taking into account the specific component composition of the essential oil contained in the hop plant. The aroma intensity of several hop varieties was investigated using high-frequency piezoelectric resonators with a high sensitivity and low detection limits for volatile components. Analytical signals of the sensor array in the vapour of the equilibrium gas phase of the samples were assembled into a multidimensional data set, presented in the form of a “visual imprint” (diagrams were plotted according to the maximum responses of the sensors in the equilibrium gas phase of the samples during a time interval of 60 s). Data for the samples with acceptable organoleptic characteristics complying with regulatory documents were taken as the standard. For the samples under study, the responses of chemical sensors in the equilibrium gas phase were presented in the form of a total signal and compared with the “visual imprint” of the maxima for the standard; the areas of indentation figures were calculated – S_Σ, G_c.s.. As additional characteristics, 5 identification parameters A_ij were used, calculated from the signals of individual sensors in the gas phase of the analyzed samples and selected standards. The identity between the composition of the sample under analysis and the corresponding standard was established, when the relative difference in the parameters of the "visual imprint" figures did not exceed 20%. Conversely, a sample was considered not identical to the selected standard, when the relative difference was higher than 20%. The experimental results were used to establish the identity or authenticity of hop pellet samples from different batches.

This study was aimed at investigating compounds from a series of protatranes as biostimulants for the growth of the Candida ethanolica yeast. The relevance of the study is associated with the need to determine conditions accelerating the growth of microorganisms in the presence of such highly effective, physiologically active and non-toxic compounds as protatranes. The research object was the Candida ethanolica yeast cultivated on a synthetic nutrient medium containing 1.5% ethanol solution as a carbon source. Protatrans were used at concentrations of 1·10^-6 – 1·10^-8 wt%. The number of yeast cells was controlled by determining the optical density of yeast suspensions using a KFK-3 Zomax photoelectrocolorimeter at a wavelength of 540 nm and optical path length of 10 mm. The determination of yeast biomass was carried out gravimetrically. The first stage of the work set out to study the accumulation of cells and biomass at various initial yeast cell concentrations. It was revealed that a slight increase in the initial concentration of yeast cells leads to a noticeable shift of the entire S-curve to the left. A comparison of the obtained data sets showed that the investigated protatranes significantly increase the specific growth rate and reduce the generation time during the log phase, provided that this phase accounts for a significant part of the cultivation process. However, the presence of protatranes significantly reduce the specific growth rate and increase the generation period in the log phase, provided that the culture remains in the stationary phase for a significant part of the cultivation time. This is likely to be associated with the positive effect of protatranes on protein synthesis, which is most intense during the log phase. The use of protatranes facilitates the control over the number of cells, amount of biomass, specific growth rate and generation time of the Candida ethanolica yeast depending on the initial cell concentration and, accordingly, the growth phase of the culture.

Spring wheat is widely used as a raw material for the production of human food and animal feed. This study was aimed at investigating the response of spring wheat to different levels of mineral nutrition. The article presents the results of applying mineral fertilisers when growing spring wheat of the Novosibirsk 31 variety in the Tyumen region. The following parameters were determined: wheat grain yield, grain nutritional quality (protein content, raw gluten, gluten quality, grain hardness, grain-unit value), and amino acid and elemental (N, P, K, S, Na, Mg, Ca, Cl) composition. The efficiency of mineral fertilisers was shown to depend on their dosage, as well as on soil and weather conditions. In 2018, the use of mineral fertilisers led to an increased wheat yield and an improved grain quality. Thus, in comparison with the control (no fertilisers), the wheat yield increased by 1.6 t/ha, while the protein and wet gluten content grew by 3.67% and 9.9%, respectively. The application of fertilisers allowed 3rd class wheat to be obtained, while experiments involving no fertilisers produced only 4th class wheat. It was revealed that the role of mineral fertilisers in wheat yields and their quality decreases when growing wheat on leached chernozem under favourable weather conditions. Thus, in 2019, 3rd class wheat varying in yield insignificantly was obtained in all experiments (with and without fertilisers). It was confirmed that an increase in the dose of mineral fertilisers leads to an increase in the content of glutamic and aspartic acids in the grain, at the same time as decreasing the content of arginine. The elemental composition of grain, except for nitrogen, does not depend on the dose of fertilisers.

In this study, we aimed to calculate dependencies for assessing the value of weight loss during lyophilization of diagnostic preparations depending on the drying temperature and time. A model solution for lyophilization was Hottinger broth with gelatin (1.5%) and peptone (10%) used as stabilizers. To achieve the aim, a full factorial experiment 2³ was planned and implemented, the investigated factors in which were the temperature and time of final drying, as well as the amount of substance in the primary packaging. Using ampoules as containers for primary packaging, a regression equation was obtained. The conducted statistical processing of the obtained equation showed the feasibility of the developed mathematical model. According to the model, an increase in the drying temperature and time leads to a decrease in the amount of weight loss; however, weight loss increases under an increase in the amount of substance in the secondary packaging. As a result of the experiments, a correspondence between the experimental and calculated values of weight loss during drying was revealed. The effect of the height of the material under drying on the weight loss was studied when drying an equivalent amount of substance in vials. The developed mathematical model for drying in ampoules was modified to describe the process of lyophilization in vials. The experimental results confirmed the possibility of calculating weight loss during drying using the proposed model. The developed dependencies can be used for estimating the value of weight loss during lyophilization of various substances, which is of particular importance in terms of reducing costs when establishing the temperature and time parameters of drying new biological products and modifying production regimes when changing the amount of product, type of primary packaging or desorption conditions.

Aromatic substances are widely applied in the creation of fragrances for cosmetic, detergent and food products, as well as medical preparations for external use. Environmentally friendly enzymes obtained using green chemistry methods are of particular value. Therefore, the enzymatic synthesis of esters of aromatic aliphatic acids and aromatic alcohols is of great practical interest. This approach has significant advantages over chemical methods, since it is carried out at low temperatures without the formation of byproducts, thus requiring no special purification techniques. Although the cost of enzyme preparations is rather high, immobilized enzymes can be used repeatedly and continuously. In the present work, we investigate the possibility of using non-immobilized freeze-dried lipase (Lipase from porcine pancreas, Type 11) for repeated esterification of butyl alcohol with butyric acid. The synthesis was carried out in hexane. The completeness of the process was controlled by titration of the residual acid with aqueous alcoholic alkali in the reaction medium. The resulting enzyme preparation was separated from the reaction mixture and reused with a new portion of the substrate. It is shown that the obtained enzyme can be used for more than 10 cycles. It was found that, starting from the second cycle, the enzyme activity increases depending on its concentration in the medium. In addition, the butyric acid conversion increases by 6–180% reaching the initial level only after the 10th cycle. The unusual effect of increasing the enzymatic activity of lipase in recycles can be explained by both the phenomenon of autocatalysis, i.e. activation of the enzyme by water released as a result of esterification, and structural features of the active site of pancreatic lipase.

This study was aimed at investigating the chemical composition and commercial properties of crude oil mined at the Ichyodinskoye field. A graph of atmospheric distillation was constructed. The content of commercial fractions was determined from the curve of true boiling temperatures. The obtained data were analysed according to the hydrocarbon composition of the gasoline fraction, which was found to comprise alkane, cycloalkane and aromatic compounds in the amount of 53.12%, 27.21% and 18.45%, respectively. In terms of sulphur, the oil mined at the Ichyodinskoye field is considered to be low-sulphur, thus belonging to the1st class. A distinctive feature of this oil consists in its inability to form stable emulsions due to a low content of solid paraffins in its composition. In the study, artificial emulsions of the oil and deposit water with a watercut value of 30% were obtained. The developed emulsions were investigated by analysing the process of gravitational settling for 120 min at a temperature of 50 °C, as well as using a LUMiFuge device. It was found that the oil mined at the Ichyodinskoye field is low-sulphur and light, containing a high content of light distillates. It is known that low-sulphur oils are safer for field equipment in terms of corrosion, thereby decreasing costs of supplying oil to consumers. Such oils are a high-quality and promising raw material for the production of oil products.

In terms of the contemporary plastic industry, world production of polyvinyl chloride is second only to polyolefins. Recyclable by almost all known methods, polyvinyl chloride offers high strength, good insulating properties, as well as resistance to acids, oxidising agents and solvents. At the same time, the ability to process polyvinyl chloride into products is limited by its lack of stability at high melt viscosity temperatures, since hydrogen chloride released during its heating catalyses further process of polymer decomposition. Thus, due to the softening temperature of polyvinyl chloride being higher than its decomposition temperature, it cannot be processed in its pure form. Consequently, functional polyvinyl chloride-based materials tend to be composites. By varying the composition of mixtures, plastic masses characterised by either very soft (plastic compounds) or hard (vinyl plastics) structures can be obtained. The properties of polyvinyl chloride-based polymer products are largely determined by the structure and morphology of the polymer. In the present work, the properties of industrial suspension polyvinyl chloride (Sayanskkhimplast JSC, Irkutsk Oblast) were studied in detail for the first time. The molecular weight of the polymer determined by the viscometric method was 1.0 · 106. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that polyvinyl chloride mass loss started to occur at 160 °C. Following the complete IR band assignment of the polymer, the polyvinyl chloride under study was established to contain no foreign substances (impurities of stabilisers, emulsifiers and additives). The diffraction curve of the polymer was established to be qualitatively similar to equivalent partially crystalline polymers. Two amorphous halos were detected at 2θ of 24° 30′ and 39° 30′ below a group of crystalline peaks. The crystallinity degree of polyvinyl chloride was determined and mechanisms for the formation of its regular and irregular structure were proposed.

New water-soluble functional copolymers based on 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole and allylamine were synthesized under the action of free-radical initiation conditions and azobisisobutyric acid dinitrile. Сopolymers of various compositions with a molecular weight of 1287–30204 Da were obtained by varying reaction conditions. The structure, molecular weight and physicochemical properties of the copolymers were determined using elemental analysis, IR and NMR ¹H-spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, potentiometric and turbidimetric titration, as well as dynamic light scattering and thermogravimetric analysis. It was established that the obtained copolymers, exhibiting the properties of high-resistance organic semiconductors, are characterized by a specific electrical conductivity of 10^-13 – 10^-14 S/cm and high resistance to thermal destruction (up to 260–280 °C). These copolymers are promising as stabilizing polymer matrices in the formation of biologically active water-soluble hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites.