The extraction and adsorption characteristics of chalcogen-containing oligomers derived from chlorex and elemental chalcogens in the hydrazine hydrate–base systems were studied. Sulphur- and selenium-containing oligomers synthesised in hydrazine hydrate–monoethanolamine systems are soluble in organic solvents. The as-obtained solutions are capable of extracting the following ions from water solutions: Hg²⁺, Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺. Oligomers synthesised in the hydrazine hydrate–water–KOH system (sulphur- and selenium-containing oligomers) and a tellurium-containing oligomer obtained in the hydrazine hydrate–KOH system were used as adsorbents. It was assumed that the extraction and adsorption of metal ions by chalcogen-containing oligomers is carried out through the formation of complexes in which the chalcogen atoms act as ligands. The effect of the nature of chalcogen atoms on the possibility of forming complexes, i.e. on the extraction and adsorption properties of the oligomers used, was considered using the theory of hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB). According to this theory, the cations Hg²⁺ and Cd²⁺ belong to soft acids, while the cations Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ belong to acids of intermediate hardness. Chalcogen atoms are classified as soft bases. The conducted experiment showed that Hg²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions are easily extracted and adsorbed by all the oligomers used, while the intermediate-hardness cations most easily interact with the sulphur-containing oligomers. The formation of oligomer–metal complexes was confirmed by analysing IR and ⁷⁷Se NMR spectra recorded for sulphur- and selenium-containing oligomers before and after the extraction. The recorded IR spectra contained obvious changes in the nature of the absorption bands due to the stretching vibrations of the C–S and C–Se bonds. An additional signal of de-screened selenium nuclei was observed in the ⁷⁷Se NMR spectrum. An insignificant change in the nature of the IR spectra in the region of stretching C–O vibrations indicated a weak participation of oxygen in the formation of complexes. It can be assumed that the role of oxygen in maintaining the high rates of extraction and adsorption is associated with an increase in the flexibility of macromolecules, which ensures a more favourable geometry for complex formation.

Increasingly, scientists are turning to the study of marine, or fish, collagen, which is increasingly replacing collagen of terrestrial animals, due to the fact that it is hypoallergenic, since it is 96% identical to human protein. Materials based on fish collagen have a number of advantages over their analogue of animal origin: it is not a carrier of infectious diseases of animals transmitted to humans, it has a greater structural similarity to human collagen, which provides a higher level of biocompatibility. Materials based on collagen copolymers with synthetic monomers are promising. The use of hybrid materials also helps to reduce the consumption of non-renewable natural resources. Synthesis of grafted collagen copolymers with polybutyl acrylate was carried out at azobisisobutyronitrile initiation and triethyl borane – oxygen system initiation under comparable conditions under intensive stirring of aqueous solution dispersion of collagen and butyl acrylate. After the synthesis, the aqueous and organic phases of the reaction mixture were analyzed by composition and molecular weight parameters using infrared spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography. Changes indicating the formation of a copolymer are observed in the copolymer isolated from the aqueous phase, more pronounced in the triethyl borane – oxygen system. It is assumed that the formation of copolymer macromolecules for azobisisobutyronitrile and organoelement initiator takes place according to different schemes. Schemes for the formation of copolymer macromolecules for AIBN and an organoelement initiator are proposed. Only polybutyl acrylate is present in the organic phase. Biological studies were carried out for fungal resistance and bactericidal activity of the obtained copolymers.

Until recently, due to the absence of other suitable approaches, equilibrium concentrations in acid-base systems have been studied exclusively by measuring the pH of a solution. However, this method can not be used for organic (non-aqueous) solvent solutions. It is known that the ionic strength of a solution, which is a fundamental component in assessing the activity coefficient and the thermodynamic dissociation constant of an electrolyte, is influenced by the ions present in the system. The concentration of these ions is variable during interactions in aqueous and more complex non-aqueous solutions, which differ significantly in their physicochemical properties (boiling temperature, structure, permittivity, autoprotolysis constant, solvating ability, dipole moment, viscosity, etc.). Meanwhile, in order to obtain more objective and valid estimates of acid-base interactions, in addition to the activity of hydrogen ions, appropriate account should be taken of the equilibrium concentrations of all particles in the solution, which affect its ionic strength. In this article, on the basis of the law of mass action and equations describing equilibrium processes, the ionic product of a solvent, electrical neutrality and material balance in a solution, the corresponding equations were derived and a method was proposed for considering the effect of the concentrations of all particles in the system (not only hydrogen ions – pH), significantly affecting the properties of acid-base equilibrium systems. The proposed method can also be used to obtain the dependence of the equilibrium concentrations of all process substances on the state of the medium (test solution), determined by various chemical and instrumental methods in logarithmic coordinates, which makes it pos-sible to directly assess the equilibrium concentra- tions of all particles present in the system.

Acidophilic chemolithotrophic microorganisms are used in biohydrometallurgy for the extraction of metals from sulphide ores. Some types of microorganisms belonging to this group are capable of generating electricity under certain conditions. This circumstance determined a recent upsurge of research interest in their use in biofuel cells. Under a constant supply of the substrate to the bioelectrochemical system, acidophilic chemolithotrophic microorganisms are capable of producing electricity for a prolonged period of time. The use of extremophiles in microbial fuel cells is of particular interest, since these microorganisms can serve as bioelectrocatalysts at extreme pH, salinity and temperature, while the vast majority of microorganisms are unable to survive under these conditions. Therefore, selection of optimal conditions and approaches to controlling the work of acidophilic chemolithotrophic microorganisms in such fuel cells is of particular importance. On this basis, a technology for the simulteneous bioleaching of metals from poor ores and the generation of electricity can be developed. Biofuel cells operating at low pH values using acidophilic chemolithotrophic microorganisms are yet to be investigated. The number of studies on acidophilic electroactive microorganisms is very limited. In this regard, the purpose of this review was to consider the prospects for the use of acidophilic chemolithotrophic microorganisms as bioagents in microbial fuel cells. The reviewed publications demonstrate that chemolithotrophic microorganisms can act as both anodic (metal-reducing, sulphur-oxidizing microorganisms) and cathodic (metal-oxidizing prokaryotes, sulfate reducers) highly efficient bioagents capable of using mining wastes as substrates.

For the first time, the composition and content of phenolic compounds in the leaves and inflorescences of Spiraea baldshuanica B. Fedtsch. was investigated. Research material was collected in June 2019 from a natural population in the Republic of Tajikistan. Phenolic compounds were studied in 40% water- ethanol extracts by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analytical HPLC system used consisted of an Agilent 1200 (USA) liquid chromatograph equipped with a diode array detector, an autosampler and a ChemStation system for collecting and processing chromatographic data. 15 and 11 compounds of phenolic nature were found in native extracts from inflorescences and leaves, respectively. Among them, the following substances were identified: chlorogenic and cinnamic acids, quercetin, kaempferol, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, avicularin and astragalin. The chromatographic profiles of leaves and inflorescences were found to be different. Such substances as isoquercitrin, avicularin, kaempferol were discovered in the inflorescences of S. baldshuanica, rather than in its leaves. Compared to the leaves, the concentration of all detected phenolic compounds was higher in the inflorescences under study. The major component in the inflorescences was astragalin (3.16 mg/g), whereas its concentration in the leaves was 5 times lower (0.60 mg/g). Flavonoid aglycones were obtained from the water-ethanol extracts of the leaves and inflorescences under study by acid hydrolysis using hydrochloric acid (1:1). The hydrolysates of extracts from the leaves and inflorescences of S. baldshuanica were found to contain 3 flavonoid aglycones: quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin. By recalculating the concentration of aglycone for the corresponding glycoside, it was determined that quercetin glycosides prevails: 6.67 mg/g – in the inflorescences and 1.19 mg/g – in the leaves. S. baldshuanica differs significantly from other representatives of the Spiraea genus, section Calospira, in terms of the chromatographic profile of phenolic compounds contained in the leaves. This information serves as an additional argument for differentiating S. baldshuanica as a separate series of the Decumbentes group by morphological signs.

The use of microorganisms attached to inert synthetic substrates in wastewater treatment increases the oxidative capacity of a bioreactor. In this article, the dependence of the concentration of freely floating sludge on the specific length of a inert biological module carrying immobilized sludge was studied. Experiments were carried out in a physical bioreactor model presenting a transverse vertical section of an industrial bioreactor aerotank. The concentration of freely floating sludge was controlled by the method of light transmission using a lux meter. A mathematical expression was obtained for calculating the dependence between the concentration of freely floating sludge and the number of specific meters of brush filtering modules placed in a bioreactor. This expression gives the concentration of freely floating sludge at a given length of immobilized sludge carriers. The mass of immobilized sludge along the running metre of a brush- filtering module was determined, depending on the specific number of brushes in a bioreactor. It was shown that the mass of the immobilized sludge on a biological module depends on the number of brushes and their location in the cross vertical section of a bioreactor. The installation of biological modules in the central space of the bioreactor along its length increases the amount of immobilized sludge compared to their installation along the width of the aerotank. It was found that the efficiency of air medium-bubble regeneration of immobilized sludge does not depend on the specific length of brush filtering modules: the reduction in the specific length from ~60 to ~10 run.m/m³ in all the experiments corresponded to 93% regeneration efficiency. An increase in the total amount of freely floating and immobilized sludge allows for an intensification of the wastewater treatment process.

Microorganisms are known for their ability to adapt easily to any environment, forming specific ecosystems capable of surviving in harsh media. White phosphorus is one of the most dangerous and toxic pollutants, whose widespread use for various industrial and military purposes creates conditions for environmental pollution. It has previously been shown that some microbial cultures can adapt to the presence of white phosphorus in the environment, oxidizing it to a phosphate and then using it as a source of biogenic macronutrients. In prior studies, we have demonstrated the possibility of white phosphorus biodegradation by the fungal strains of Aspergillus niger. However, it is important to study the resistance of this species to such a toxic substance as white phosphorus. There may be several probable mechanisms, including the following: the cell wall of the fungus is a barrier to the penetration of white phosphorus into the cell, in which case an increase in the thickness of the cell wall should be observed in response to the impact of the toxicant; a mechanism associated with the expression of stress genes and the production of proteins involved in the disposal of toxins, including white phosphorus. In addition, white phosphorus causes an overall activation of metabolism, accompanied by an increase in the number and size of mitochondria in the cells. It is likely that the active forms of oxygen produced by mitochondria are involved in the detoxification of both white phosphorus and its transformation products. Microscopic and proteomic studies have confirmed the presence of the above-mentioned resistance mechanisms.

The aim was to determine whether the antioxidant, cytotoxic and virucidal properties of aqueous extracts isolated from the Inonotus rheades basidiomycete depend on the illumination of the mycelium during cultivation. Effects of blue light illumination on the mycelium of I. rheades, which was cultivated on birch wood at 25±1 ºC in the dark and under a constant illumination of 12.8 W/m² were studied. In the course of the work, two fractions of water-soluble polysaccharides were obtained: ВР-5 – isolated from the mycelium grown under blue light; BP-6 – isolated from mycelium grown in the dark. Two fractions of water-soluble pol- ysaccharides were obtained during the study: ВР-5 – water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from the mycelium grown under blue light; ВР-6 – water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from the mycelium grown in the dark. The extract from the mycelium grown under blue light showed a greater antioxidant activity than that from the mycelium grown in the dark. An analysis of the effect of the extracts under study on a test culture of tumour cells showed that the extracts cause the death of some amount of the cells on the 6th day of coincubation. The cytostatic effect of the extracts was also manifested following 6 days. In comparison with the control, the density of the culture at maximum concentrations decreased to 60% and 20% for BP-6 and BP- 5, respectively. The results of measuring the antiviral activity of the extracts showed that BP-5 and BP-6 completely destroy tick-borne encephalitis viruses. It was experimentally shown that, after normalisation of the pH values, both extracts contain components exhibiting a significant antiviral effect. The inhibition index for BP-5 and BP-6 comprised 3 and 2 lg PFU/ ml, respectively. This suggests that the concentration of virucidal components in the extract from mycelium grown under blue light is approximately 10 times higher than that in the extract from the mycelium grown in the dark. Thus, the extracts from the mycelium of I. rheades grown on birch discs contain substances exhibiting antioxidant, cytostatic and virucidal properties. The accumulation of these properties can be stimulated by blue light illumination.

This article studies the effect of L-rhamnose conjugated with m-aminobenzoic acid on the formation of primary metabolites and chlorophyll during germination of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds. This synthetic aminoconjugate (rhamnosylamine) has an inhibitory effect on the growth of the plant under study, which weakens with a decrease in the solution concentration from 0.05 to 0.0005%. An analysis of changes in the FTIR spectra of the root and hypocotyl samples of germinated seeds showed significant changes in the carbohydrate pool and protein structure of the biomaterial. As the aminoconjugate content decreases to 0.0005%, the intensity of the bands at 1060, 1100 and 1158 cm-1 increases, indicating the accumulation of cellulose polysaccharides. The intensity of the amide bands changes in a similar way, while the values of the wave numbers of the second derivatives of the spectral signals in the 1600-1700 cm-1 range indicate conformational changes in proteins during germination. The electronic spectra of extracts and the vibrational spectra of cotyledon samples demonstrated a more intense formation of chlorophyll in the systems comprising the aminoconjugate; the chlorophyll content increases with a decrease in the content of the ami- noconjugate in the medium. These spectra additionally indicate a different state of the photosynthetic pigments in the control and experimental samples. According to our assumption, the effect of the aminoconjugate on the growth parameters, the formation of primary metabolites and photosynthetic pigments can be explained by its presence in the medium simultaneously with m-aminobenzoic acid and L-rhamnose. The latter substances are formed as the products of hydrolysis, the course of which was confirmed by polarimetric measurements. The obtained results confirm the prospects of searching and testing compounds containing structural components of different action.

Polylactides are increasingly being used as biodegradable polymers in the production of packaging materials. It has been recently proposed to obtain a polylactide precursor – lactic acid – from inexpensive cellulose-containing raw materials. For the first time, the authors of the present work used oat husks for this purpose. Preliminary chemical treatment of oat husks was carried out in two stages using dilute solutions of nitric acid and sodium hydroxide to obtain technical cellulose, which was further subject to enzymatic hydrolysis. The as-obtained glucose enzymatic hydrolysate was fermented by the producer Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. The effect of the active acidity of the medium, activation of the starter culture and dosage of the yeast extract on the efficiency of lactic acid fermentation was investigated. According to the obtained results, the active acidity of the culture should be maintained at a pH level of 6.5 during the entire fermentation process, which allows the yield of lactic acid to be increased by 1.7 times compared to the process without adjusting the pH. It was shown that the activation of the starter culture using a glucose medium instead of a milk medium, which switches the fermentation process from lactose conversion to glucose conversion, increases the rate of lactic acid fermentation by 2.2 times and the fermentation constant by 2.7 times. It was established that the introduction of yeast extract into the medium in an amount of 1% intensifies lactic acid fermentation: the process of lactic acid fermentation accelerates by 1.8 times; the fermentation constant increases by 1.4 times; the yield of lactic acid increases by 9.6% compared to the control thus reaching 76.7%.

N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine (N-PNA) and phthalates are classified as antibiotic substances. The appearance and accumulation of these substances in the biosphere is associated with their technogenic and biogenic origin (metabolites of plants and bacteria). In this article, we compare the degrading action of such soil bacteria as Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi, Clavibacter michiganensis sps. Sepedonicus and Azotobacter chroococcum against N-PNA. These bacteria differ in their interaction with pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) synthesising N-PNA. The degradation products were studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in ethyl acetate extracts obtained from culture liquid media, in which N-PNA at a concentration of 10 μM and the bacteria under study were introduced. The decrease in the N-PNA concentration in the extracts obtained using ethyl acetate from culture media, in which N-PNA had been added to a concentration of 100 μM, was monitored following two days of bacterial growth using the methods of high-performance liquid chromatography. It was shown that all the studied bacterial species are capable of degrading N-PNA with the formation of phthalates. The Rhizobium bacteria, endosymbionts of pea plants synthesising N-PNA, and free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the Azotobacter genus showed the highest degrading activity. It was found that N-PNA reduced the viability of all types of bacteria, although to a varying degree. N-PNA had the most negative effect on the viability of the Azotobacter genus, although these bacteria showed a high degrading action against N-PNA. The dependence between the negative effect of NPNA on bacterial viability and the N-PNA concentration was mildly pronounced for Rhizobium and Pseudomonas, although being significant for Bradyrhizobium and Clavibacter.

A molecular-genetic identification of four bacterial strains isolated from activated sludge of urban wastewater treatment plants (Ulan-Ude) and the industrial enterprise OJSC “Selenginsky Pulp and Paper Mill” (Selenginsk) was carried out. Bacterial strains were identified by a capillary sequencer ABI 3130XL Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems) using 16S primers 27F and 1492R at the Genomics Collective Use Center of the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk. The results were obtained using the method of determination of the direct nucleotide sequence of a 16S rRNA fragment followed by comparison of the nucleotide identity with the sequences deposited in the international database GenBank. Bacterial strains isolated from activated sludge were identified according to the GenBank database: strain B 1.1 corresponds to Paenibacillus dendritiformis strain P411 (similarity 99.93%), strains B 1.2 and B 1.3 correspond to Bacillus licheniformis strain PB399 (similarity 86 and 100%, respectively), strain P 1.1 corresponds to the Paenibacillus polymyxa strain ISSDS-85 (similarity 99.86%). The biochemical properties of the identified strains were determined: amylolytic, proteolytic and lipolytic activity; the ability to ferment carbohydrates in Hiss’ nutrient medium; the ability to form ammonia, urea and nitrate reduction. The bacterial strains isolated from activated sludge may be promising for the destruction of wastewater pollutants. On their basis, it is planned to create a consortium of microorganisms for the destruction of protein and fatty pollutants in wastewater.

The study aims to establish the effect of nanoselenium on the growth and antagonistic activity of the Lactobacillus casei IMB B-7343 and Lactobacillus plantarum IMB B-7344 strains against the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris B-4102. Selenium nanoparticles were obtained by reducing a solution of sodium selenite with L-cysteine in the presence of sodium alginate. The cultivation of Lactobacilliwas carried out in a MRS nutrient medium with the addition of a colloidal solution of nanoselenium at the following concentrations: 0.05; 0.1; 0.15; 0.2 and 0.25 mg/l (for selenium). Bacteria were cultured in a 96-well plate in a Multiskan FC photometer at 36 ºС under constant shaking. The antagonistic activity of the strains was studied by the method of agar blocks. It was found that the addition of nanoselenium to the nutrient medium at a concentration of 0.2 to 0.25 mg/l contributed to a decrease in the duration of the exponential growth phase by an average of 3 hours, as well as to a decrease in the biomass accumulation of the L. casei IMB B-7343 strain by 15.0%. The optical density of this strain culture was observed to increase by 15.9% in the stationary growth phase under the addition of a nanoselenium solution to the nutrient medium at a concentration of 0.15 mg/l. During the cultivation of the L. plantarum IMB B-7344 strain in an MRS nutrient medium with the addition of a colloidal solution of nanoselenium at a concentration of 0.05–0.25 mg/l in the exponential development phase, an acceleration of the culture growth on average by 5 hours relative to the control was observed. It was noted that, upon the addition of nanoselenium to the nutrient medium, an increase in the antagonistic activity of lactobacillus strains against the phytopathogenic bacterium X. campestris B-4102 was observed, particularly in the L. plantarum IMB B-7344 strain (the zone of inhibition of the phytopathogen growth was 14.5–15 mm).

This paper reviews the achievements of the scientific school of Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Professor of the Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (USPTU) D.L. Rakhmankulov in the field of applied and oilfield chemistry. Having achieved fundamental results during theoretical and experimental research into the structure, properties and mechanisms of transformations of substituted cyclic acetals and heteroanalogues, D.L. Rakhmankulov and his colleagues proposed to apply this knowledge in various sectors of the national economy, in particular, in the oilfield chemistry. An analysis of copyright certificates obtained by the researchers from the 1970s to the 1990s, which were related to the development of reagents of the class of cyclic acetals intended for use in the oilfield chemistry, showed that the obtained reagents can be effectively used as components of drilling fluids, inhibitors of hydrogen sulphide corrosion of oilfield equipment, bactericidal reagents that inhibit the growth of sulphate-reducing bacteria. The efficiency of such reagents significantly exceeded that of well-known industrial reagents. It was noted that aqueous compositions containing 1,3-dioxacycloalkanes dissolve and keep in volume particles of resins and asphaltenes in the form of microemulsions, which makes it possible to increase oil recovery and use cyclic acetals as reagents-solvents of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits. It was found that the use of cyclic acetals, e.g. 4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane, in the composition of drilling fluids can significantly improve their lubricating, antiwear and anticorrosive properties. By-products of petrochemical industries were often used as a raw material for the production of compounds of the class of cyclic acetals, which at the same time solved the problem of their recycling. It was found that the bottom residue of industrial production of 4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane, containing oxymethyl-1,3-dioxanes, can be successfully used for dissolving gypsum hydrocarbon fuels deposited in oil wells. In order to expand the range of reagents that inhibit the growth of sulphate-reducing bacteria, D.L. Rakhmankulov and his colleagues proposed to use aqueous solutions of 1,3-dioxacycloalkanes as bactericides.

Chemical flooding is a technique of enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) using formulations containing alkaline components, surfactants and polymers (ASP technology). The development and synthesis of novel highly efficient industrial surfactants take this technology to a new level, allowing the chemical composition of reagents to be tailored to the reservoir conditions of fields in Western Siberia. Alkyl phosphates with various structures are one type of the surfactants that can be used in ASP technology. This work aimed to synthesize and examine the properties of commercial (semi-industrial) alkyl phosphates and alkoxylated alkyl phosphates of mixed composition that meet the requirements of an efficient surfactant component of an ASP-flooding formulation. The synthesis was carried out using industrial fatty alcohols by the phosphating reaction with phosphorus pentoxide. A mixture of monoand disubstituted phosphoric acid esters of a defined ratio can be obtained by target tailoring of the feedstock properties (structural changes, molecular weight distribution in alcohols) and the synthesis conditions. This mixture, requiring no addition of cosurfactants, is an effective multi-component surfactant for an ASP-system. In this work, three effective alkyl phosphates and alkoxylated alkyl phosphates blends were synthesized. The composition of the synthesized phosphoric esters was evaluated by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), infrared (IR) spectroscopy and potentiometric titration. At reservoir temperature, the obtained samples provided sufficient solubility in an oil-displacing aqueous solution in the technologically required salinity interval, compatibility with other components, low interfacial tension (IFT) values at the interface between ASP solution and oil from Western Siberia fields, and the formation of the sufficient volume of the emulsion phase in a phase experiment. The primary laboratory research data proved the efficiency of the synthesized surfactants in ASP technology in the fields of Western Siberia.

Chromium is one of the most effective metals used for protection and decorative coating of various products. However, chrome plating typically occurs in a strongly acid medium, thus involving the formation of dangerous and corrosive solutions. In this article, we investigate the possibility of removing chromium from such solutions using carbon adsorbents, which allow for almost complete extraction of the metal from production solutions up to a residual content of no more than 0.05 mg/dm³. A significant advantage of carbon adsorbents is their ability to extract chromium (VI) ions without chromium reduction to the trivalent state. It was established that the sorbent under study exhibits the maximum sorption capacity in a strongly acidic medium at pH = 1.2–2.5. This medium causes the formation of a Cr₂O₇ ^2- dimer in the solution, which is an adsorbed ion. A scheme of a production unit for chromium adsorption from solutions of electrochemical production was proposed. The choice of an adsorber with a fluidized bed was determined by the maximal interaction of the flow with the adsorbent in such reactors. The adsorber design in the form of a cylindrical column with tapered upper and lower parts assumes installation of distribution grids inside the apparatus. It is proposed to forward the chromium-containing solution of electrochemical production remained after the averaging tank directly to the adsorber with the loading of the carbon adsorbent. In order to ensure the continuity of the extraction mode, it is necessary to apply two parallel working adsorbers, whose technical parameters were calculated to be as follows: the diameter of 1.2 m; the height of 7.5 m; the loading volume of 5.9 m³; and the loading height of 6 m. The calculated process parameters were determined: the linear flow rate along the walls of the adsorber – 12.75 m/h; the duration of the apparatus operation before coal regeneration – 21 days. The proposed scheme can be recommended for recycling water supply.

New polymer copper-containing nanocomposites based on poly-N-vinylimidazole were obtained. The formation of nanocomposites was carried out using the method of chemical reduction of copper ions from a solution of copper acetate with ascorbic acid in an aqueous medium in the presence of a polymer. Nanocomposites were prepared at the polymer:Cu (II) molar ratio of 10:1 and 5:1. The reduction reaction yielded powder nanocomposites of a red-brown colour and having a metallic shine. It was found that the content of copper in the obtained nanocomposites depends on the initial molar ratio of the stabilising poly-N-vinylimidazole and Cu (II), reaching 5.9% and 11.7%. The formation of nanosized copper particles was investigated and confirmed by UV spectroscopy. The optical spectra of aqueous solutions of the obtained copper-containing nanocomposites contained maxima at 537–541 and 646–651 nm, which confirmed the formation of ultradispersed copper in the nanosized state. The obtained copper-containing nanocomposites based on poly-N-vinylimidazole are promising materials for use in medicine and catalysis, as well as in optical, sensor and electronic devices.