To examine the effect of 5s² lone electron pair of antimony atom on the reaction of antimony trifluoride and triethanolamine in the presence of sodium methylate, the crystal structure of the reaction product -2-fluoro-6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-dioxa-6-aza-2-stibacy-cylooctane (1-fluoro-2-hydrostibatrane) FSb (OCH₂CH₂)₂NCH₂CH₂OH) was confirmed. In the compound structure, the hydrogen atom of the 2-hydtoxyethyl group of each molecule forms an intermolecular hydrogen bond with the oxygen atom of one of the five-membered SbOCH₂CH₂N half-cycles in a neighbouring molecule. A geometry of both five-member N-C-C-O-Sb heterocycles, end-capped by transannular N→Sb bond in the 1-fluoro-2-hydrostibatrane molecule, is almost identical. C-O, C-C, N-C interatomic distances and valence angles in two endocyclic units (NCCOSb) are comparable to those observed in RSi(OCH₂CH₂)₃N silatranes. A coordination polyhedron of the Sb atom can be represented as a transition from a bisphenoid to Sb(O₃)N trigonal pyramid, with a nitrogen atom at the apex and three oxygen atoms in the base. The N→Sb transannular coordinate bond length is 2.402(4) Å, which is 0.40 Å greater than the Sb-N covalent bond standard length. The Sb-F bond (1.997(4) Å) is 0.12 Å longer than that in the SbF₃ molecule, and insignificantly shorter than that of the Sb-F_ax (2.028(3) Å) in the SbF₃Gly crystalline complex. The fluorine atom substantially strays from the N→Sb axis to the direction of O(1) and O(2) atoms. The oxygen atom of the 2-hydroxyethyl group lies at a distance of 2.899(3) A from that of Sb, intermediate between the valence bond length and the sum of the Van der Waals radii of these atoms. Combined with the F atom position, one can assume the 1-fluoro-2-hydrostibatrane crystal structure as a “frozen” state of the S_Ni(Sb) type nucleophilic attack of the oxygen atom, uncompleted because of its repulsion by the 5s² lone electronic pair of antimony atom.

The paper presents the results of a potentiodynamic study of the anodic behaviour of Zn0.5Al doped with molybdenum in the acidic (0.1 M, pH = 1; 0.01 M, pH = 2; 0.001 M, pH = 3), neutral (0.03, 0.3, 3%, pH = 7) and alkaline (0.001 M, pH = 10; 0.01 M, pH = 11; 0.1 M, pH = 12) media of HCl, NaCl and NaOH electrolytes. In the potentiodynamic mode with an electrode potential sweep rate of 2 mV/s, all Zn0.5Al-Mo samples containing from 0.01 to 1.0 wt% of molybdenum demonstrated a shift in the potentials of corrosion, pitting formation and repassivation. These potentials shift towards negative values in acidic and alkaline media, while shifting to positive values in a neutral medium. It was established that an increase in the concentration of electrolytes led to a shift of all the considered potentials towards negative values in all media - acidic, neutral and alkaline. This dependence is associated with the specific features of the process of anodic dissolution of alloys during the formation of an oxide film on their surface. The significance of the dependence of the stationary potential of free corrosion of alloys on time for establishing the passivity of surfaces in acidic, neutral and alkaline media was shown. It was determined that zinc alloys doped with molybdenum are resistant to pitting corrosion in all the investigated media. This resistivity is particularly high in acidic (0.001 M), neutral (0.03%) and alkaline (0.001 M) media of HCl, NaCl and NaOH electrolytes. The favourable effect of molybdenum on both the anodic behaviour of Zn0.5Al and the overall increase in the corrosion resistance of alloys was demonstrated. In comparison with undoped Zn0.5Al alloys, the corrosion rate of alloys doped with molybdenum (0.01-1.0 wt%) is 2-2.5 times lower. The proposed compositions of Zn0.5Al-Mo alloys can be used as noncorrosive coatings for steel products.

A comparative study of chemical transformations of ethanol, acetone and dimethyl carbonate was performed in a temperature range from 200 to 300 °C. These compounds are widely used as solvents for processing vegetable raw materials. Therefore, knowing their behaviour in a reaction medium is necessary to understand the mechanism of sub- and supercritical extraction of the vegetable raw materials and the role of solvents in this processуы. It was established that the investigated compounds under certain conditions function as a source of free radicals; thus, they can contribute to the radical decomposition of the major components in plant biomass. The Schwarz toluene method was used to detect free radicals in reaction media. It is shown that radical breakdown of bonds in the acetone and dimethyl carbonate molecules occurs already at a temperature of 200 °C, and in ethanol - only under supercritical conditions at temperatures over 250 °C. Alkylation is the main reaction occurring during the thermal treatment of toluene and solvents mixtures, which leads to a high yield of various alkylbenzenes for all investigated xylene solvents. In a temperature range from 200 to 250 °С, acetone has the highest alkylating capability and ethanol - the lowest one. At temperatures above 250 °С, the alkylating capability of solvents is similar, with a slight prevalence of that of dimethyl carbonate. Unlike other solvents, acetone participates in nucleophilic addition reactions along with radical transformations under process conditions. The products obtained as a result of these reactions at temperatures above 250 °C are predominant. The main ones are the products of the aldol and crotonic condensation of acetone. Based on the results of a study, the pathways of the radical decomposition of solvents molecules and the formation of products of thermal treatment were proposed.

Application conditions of the ACTIVA® TG-TI transglutaminase combined with setting agents (gelatine and chitosans of various modifications) are substantiated for moulded food processing from waterlogged fish raw materials targeted by deep-water fishery, i.e. giant grenadier (Albatrossia pectoralis). It was shown that combining different setting agents ensures time reduction of gel formation with a minor change in their development and melting temperatures. Adding an enzyme preparation leads to the formation of thermostable gels with a 1.5-fold increased strength. When forming gels from the grenadier muscle tissue in the presence of setting agents of different concentrations, the quality of soluble muscle proteins reduces, most prominently with gelatine and chitosan ascorbate. Physicochemical parameters of the structured gels prepared from the muscle tissue of giant grenadier (moisture retention capacity, tensile strength, water activity) and their organoleptic profiles were measured. Based on the results, we have shown that adding 3% of gela-tine, 0.06% of high-molecular chitosan and 1% of transglutaminase may be employed for processing moulded fish products. The digestibility of the protein components in obtained samples did not depend on fermentation. The overall protein deposition was between 0.38 and 0.56% of the sample mass. The total biological value of samples ranged from 78 to 134% when studying their effect on the growth of T. pyriformis testing culture.

This study aims to develop approaches for screening highly specific bacteriophages based on bio-informatic analysis of CRISPR-Cas structures of bacterial systems using the example of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. We proposed an algorithm for bioinformatic search and analysis of CRISPR-Cas structures of bacteria systems and phage screening through spacer sequences of CRISPR-cassette in genomes of Corynebacterium strains. 22 genome-wide sequences loaded from the GenBank database were selected as the target. 21 strains out of 22 had CRISPR-Cas systems. Using several search algorithms in CRISPR-Cas systems, one CRISPR-cassette was found in 23.8% of the tested strains and two in 76.2% of cases. Near the cassettes, a complete set of Cas-genes was identified, characteristic of two types of systems: Type-I Subtype-I-E and Type-II Subtype-II-C. The conducted analysis of the CRISPR-cassette spacer composition showed 3 to 42 spacers in the cassette. The cumulative total number of identified spacers amounted to 297, 64 spacers of which repeated in two or more CRISPR-cassettes, 159 spacers had no replicates. The three pairs of strains under study from this group had a complete match of spacer and consensus sequences, although they were isolated at different times and in multiple countries. A phylogenetic analysis was performed to confirm their common origin. Phages screening through the spacer sequences showed the highest compliance of the spacers with the phages protospacers, characteristic of the bacteria of the Mycobacteriaceae, Gordoniaceae, Streptomycetaceae, Corynebacteriaceae family belonging to the Actinobacteria type. One strain with multiple antibiotic resistance was identified, and its expected bacteriophage resistance was determined using this method. Thus, the developed bioinformatic analysis technology allowed the information on the expected resistance of the tested strains CRISPR-Cas system against the detected phages to be obtained, which in the long term enables the development of a platform of personalised bacteriophage treatment approaches.

Phytoremediation is a promising technology for removing heavy metals from soil and water. Despite the pronounced increase in heavy metal accumulation by cultivated plants under the influence of naturally occurring complexing agents, such as humic acids, their efficiency in phytoremediation has been poorly studied. In this regard, the aim of this work is to elucidate the effect of peat humic acid formulations on the remediation potential of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) against heavy metal contamination. The influence of polymetallic pollution on the remediation properties of wheat was studied in model vegetation experiments using a culture solution. Plants were grown in a Hoagland nutrient solution. A complex exposure to heavy metals was simulated using 10 pmol/L CdSO₄, 25 and 50 pmol/L CuSO₄, 500 and 1000 pmol/L Pb(NO₃)₂ in various combinations with or without the addition of a peat humic acid formulation (0.005%).

The phytoremediation efficiency of the humic acid formulation was determined by the removal of heavy metals during the heading stage of wheat growth. The research results showed that the phytoremediation efficiency of the humic acid formulation is defined by both an increase in the absorption of heavy metals and a decrease in their toxic action on the plants. In the case of mixed contamination of the solution with highly toxic heavy metals, the samples with humic acids showed a 1.2-2.5-fold increase in the accumulation of copper and cadmium by wheat plants. The data demonstrates the possibility of using the formulation of peat humic acids in phytoremediation technologies as an effector of heavy metal phytoextraction.

Livestock and poultry wastes, when effectively managed, become feedstock for organic fertiliser production. Researchers from the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands, the branch of Federal Research Center “V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute”, proposed an accelerated regimen of cattle manure solid-phase fermentation with peat: 48 h at 37 °C, then 48 h at 60 °C and 24 h at 37 °C, terminating with nat-ural cooling of the fermented mass. A distinctive feature of the proposed accelerated fermentation is maintenance of set-point temperatures. The aim of the work is to perform a microbiological evaluation of the process of accelerated solid-phase fermentation. An experiment was carried out in a 1.75 dm³ laboratory fermenter. During the fermentation, we studied the number of microorganisms, which use organic and mineral nitrogen forms, using the limiting dilution method, as well as the species membership by mass spectrometry. The experimental findings showed that the temperature regime of the main fermentation steps yielded the maximum number of mesophilic and thermophilic nitrogen-transforming microorganisms. Their active growth caused the intensive transformation of the fermented mixture, as evidenced by mesophilic and thermophilic mineralisation coefficients. At the end of the process, the linear mineralisation coefficients were used to assess the completion of the fermentation product transformation and stabilisation. The fermentation product comprised a high number of nitrogen-transforming microorganisms (on average, 3.5±0.3•10⁸ COE/g on a dry weight basis). The determination of the microbiota species membership in the fermented mass and the final product confirmed that the process temperature regime ensured the elimination of the sanitary-indicatory microorganisms present in the original mixture (E. coli, Citrobacter, Proteus). In addition, during pasteurisation, this regime led to the active development of non-pathogenic Bacillus bacteria (B. megaterium, B. subtilis, B. licheniformic, B. pumilus and B. altitudinis). The fermentation product is recommended for use as an environmentally safe organic fertiliser based on the microbiological evaluation.

Hydroxyethylated starches are of particular interest for applications in infusion therapy because of their high volemic effect. The duration of this effect depends on the circulation time of the drug in the blood, i.e., the volume of circulating blood increases with an increase in the concentration, molecular weight and degree of polymer substitution. It is known that hydroxyethylated starches have a wide range of molecular weight and degree of substitution. This allows their solutions to circulate for a long time (up to 10 hours) in the bloodstream without leakage of the active substance into the interstitium of vital organs. The dependence of the melting point of the crystalline starch lamella on the number of glucose residues can be described using the modified Fox - Loshaek ratio, which takes into account the degree of branching of amylopectin molecules and the content of amylose in starch. We proposed an analytical expression for the evaluation of the degree of branching of amylopectin from potato starch based on microcalorimetric data. The proposed methodology allows the genotypes of potatoes with the highest degree of amylopectin branching and a minimum quantity of amylose in starch to be selected. Starches of such potato varieties can be used in the blood plasma substitutes production - hydroxyethylated starches that have good pharmacodynamic properties. Within the developed approach, it is possible to determine the effect of the degree of substitution on the thermodynamic properties of the studied starches through a change in the melting temperature of the lamella, T_m, hence estimating the main pharmacodynamic parameters of substituted starches.

The initial formation of the photosynthetic apparatus in plants occurs during photomorphogenesis. The red/far-red (phytochromes) and blue (cryptochrome) light protein-photoreceptors play the most important role in photomorphogenesis initiation and regulation. The exited phytochrome and cryptochrome molecules can interact with transcription factors, changing the expression of nuclear genes, which encode the proteins of the plant photosynthetic apparatus. Since light is a variable factor, plants have developed appropriate adaptation mechanisms, including their photosynthetic apparatus protection. The mechanism of state transitions ensures a rapid adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus. This adaptation mechanism increases the adsorption efficiency under current light conditions and prevents intensive generation of active forms of oxygen in chloroplasts, which leads to photo-oxidation and even cell death. This work aims to determine the role of photoreceptors - phytochromes A and B, as well as cryptochrome 1 and 2 - in regulating the process of state transitions in the Arabidopsis thaliana model plant. Arabidopsis mutants with the defects on A and B phytochromes and cryptochrome 1 and 2 genes were used as the research objects. The blue native electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel was used to visualise state transitions. It was found that these photoreceptors had no direct effect on the redox-regulation of the state transitions mechanism in Arabidopsis. Presumably, these photoreceptors protect the photosynthetic apparatus from excessive light not by regulating the state transitions but indirectly, through regulating the chlorophyll, carotenoid and antioxidant components content.

Ageing is a natural and inevitable process accompanied by different diseases. Medicinal lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis) is a source of bioactive substances that can slow down ageing and improve the quality of human life. Callus culture of this plant can be a promising raw material to produce nutraceuticals. However, a composition of individual bioactive substances in medicinal lungwort has been studied insufficiently, particularly when it comes to phenolic compounds with potential geroprotective properties. We performed a study on the phytochemical composition of the callus cultures, extracted from the medicinal lungwort plant, for the presence of bioactive substances with the potential geroprotective properties and determined their quality profile. Twofold extraction of Pulmonaria officinalis callus cultures was carried out on a water bath with 70% ethyl alcohol. Determination of the safety profile of extracts was performed according to the requirements of the Pharmaceutical Norms and Regulations. Organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological properties were considered important indicators of the quality of the extracts. It was demonstrated that the content of heavy metals, radionuclides, dry residue, residual alcohol content, as well as organoleptic characteristics and microbiological purity, comply with the regulatory documents. The phytochemical composition of the callus culture extract was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and threelayer chromatography. The following flavonoids (rutin, isorhamnetin, quercetin), triterpenoid saponins and phenolic acids (p-coumaric, ferulaic, gallic, caffeic, rosmarinic and chlorogenic) were identified. The presence of triterpenoid saponin, p- coumaric, ferulaic and gallic acids is discovered in the extract of the lungwort callus culture for the first time. Quantitative analysis of bioactive substances showed that the content of caffeic, rosmarinic and chlorogenic acids in the callus culture extract is higher than that in the extracts from the aerial parts of the plant.

The article studies the chemical compounds of a number of protatranes as biostimulants of the germination of wheat and triticale seeds after their long-term storage. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to restore the germination of unique samples of grain crops from the collection of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) (Saint Petersburg). The research objects were the seeds of different years of reproduction with various levels of original germination, as well as those with an initially high germination and subjected to accelerated aging. The experiments were conducted in the presence of the following physiologically active non-toxic protatranes 2-Me-C₆H₄OCH₂COO^- • HN⁺(CH₂CH₂OH)₃ (1) and 4-Cl-C₆H₄SCH₂COO^-•HN⁺(CH₂CH₂OH)₃ (2) across a wide range of concentrations (1•10^-2 – 1•10^-9M). At the first stage, the effect of protatrane 1 on the germination of soft spring wheat was investigated. It was observed that, under the influence of protatrane 1 at concentrations from 10^-4 to 10^-9 M, the seed germination and the germination energy increased by 8.7-20.0% and 4.7-8.0%, respectively. The use of protatrane 1 at higher concentrations (10^-2M) resulted in a decrease in germination. Subsequently, experiments were carried out on 3 samples of soft winter wheat seeds stored for 52 years and having the germination of 19-26%. The 20-hour exposure of seeds to water solutions of protatrane 1 at concentrations of 5 • 10^-7-10^-9 M increased their germination by 3.7-10.0%. The best stimulating effect was achieved at a concentration of 5 • 10^-7 M. At the next stage, the seeds with a high original germination (86-96%) and subjected to accelerated aging were investigated. The treatment of such samples with protatrane 1 at concentrations of 10^-6 and 10^-4 M turned out to be less effective: the germination and its energy either remained the same or increased insignificantly (by 3.5% and 7.5%, respectively). The treatment of triticale seeds with pro-tatranes 1 and 2 at a concentration of 5 • 10^-7 M was carried out in a similar manner. It was shown that the action of protatranes 1 and 2 led to an increase in the germination by 3-7% and a significant increase in the germination energy by 7-45%. By further optimising the production process and selecting the most active protatranes, the described approach can provide for a significant recovery of seed germination.

The structure of water'soluble gluco' and galactomannans (GlcMan and GalMan) isolated from the roots of several Eremurus'related plant species has been studied previously. This article characterizes polysaccharides and other extraction products from the root tubers of Eremurus hissaricus by Fourier' transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy using an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory. Polysaccharide samples were purified from protein substances with the Sevage method and discoloured through a polyamide column. In the FTIR spectra, the main peaks attributed to asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of CH2 of the pyranose ring (for GluMan - 2886, 1373, 1244 cm^-1; for GalGluMan - 2923, 1370, 1238 cm^-1) were enhanced by purification after removing bound protein impurities. The KnownitAll and IR-Pal 2 software applications were used to examine the spectra of a sample of purified GalGluMan in the studied polysaccharides. The results show that the intensity of the absorption maximum decreased at 1732 cm^-1. At the same time, at 1552.92 cm^-1, a new band appeared that refers to the valence vibrations of carboxyl (CO) or nitroso (NO) groups in the purified polysaccharide. This band appeared as a result of the Maillard reaction between the protein and the reducing end of the polysaccharide unit. The intensity of the bands in the 1238-1244 cm^-1 region also decreased in the purified samples, which may be due to the elimination of a small fraction of protein. The use of FTIR spectroscopy allows the process of purifying watersoluble GluMan and acid-soluble polysaccharide of GalGluMan from acrylamide impurities to be characterized timely and accurately. Additionally, this method allows a comparative estimation of functional groups in polysaccharides of the root tubers of E. hissaricus.

This article aims to evaluate the influence of probiotic microorganisms and pregastric lipase on organoleptic and biochemical characteristics of soft cheese made from a mixture of milk and buttermilk. The study was designed to determine how the temperature and exposure at this temperature affect the growth and development of lactose and bifidobacteria, as well as their quantity in the finished product. In order to increase the biological and nutritional value of the developed soft cheese, protein-carbohydrate raw materials rich in vitamins A, B₁₂, D, E, phosphate and minerals were introduced into the production mixture. The addition of buttermilk increased the biological value of the product and improved its consistency. The taste and consistency of cheese was improved by a pregastric lipase preparation, widely used in the cheesemaking industry for production of various cheeses with high and low temperatures of the second heating. As a result of directed lipolysis, the finished product accumulates free fatty acids and diacylglycerols, acting as plasticizers and affecting the texture and organoleptic characteristics of the cheese. The results show that combining buttermilk and milk in an optimal ratio and addition of lipase produce a product with the best physicochemical parameters and a maximum evaluation of organoleptic characteristics. In the presence of a probiotic starter culture (provided there is a ready-made substrate), an active synthesis of enzymes necessary for the complete hydrolysis of milk fat begins. This all creates a functional product.

This article studies inorganic components in Heliánthus tuberósus stems. Ash samples and extracts obtained at different pH values were examined. It is established that the extractant's nature has a significant effect on the yield of extractive substances from the ground stems: the greatest (45%) and the minimum (31%) yield was achieved by sodium hydroxide and distilled water, respectively. According to atomic absorption spectrometry, the main ions in the extracts obtained in different media are those of potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium and iron. Following treatment of stems with solutions having different pH values, the mass fraction of ash varied from 0.4 to 2.3%. The smallest ash yield was observed for a stem sample after acid extraction. According to energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, all ash samples contained predominantly K, Ca, Si and P compounds. Acid hydrolysis produced the highest level of Si in samples, which allows this ash to be used as a silicon-containing material. The ash components of the core and outer part of the stem were compared with the initial sample. According to the nature of thermal decomposition, the initial sample and the outer shell were similar between themselves, though differing from the core. The ash content of the initial sample was 4.3%, with the ash content of the stem core being ~2 times higher than that of the outer shell (7 and 3.8%, respectively). The results of IR spectroscopy showed that splitting of bands in the IR spectra of ash samples depend on the part of the stem and the pre-treatment of raw materials at different pH values. The ash of the initial sample, core and outer shell, as well as the ash of the residues after the aqueous and alkaline hydrolysis of the stem, showed the absorption bands of carbonate groups. The IR spectra of the stem ash after acid extraction contained absorption bands characteristic of amorphous silicon dioxide. According to the conducted X-ray analysis, the studied ash samples were in an amorphous-crystal and crystalline state. The identification of phases was carried out.

In this work, potentially bioactive condensation products of adenine with D-mannose and 6-deoxy-L-mannose (L-rhamnose) were synthesized in water and ethanol solutions. According to FTIR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, mono-N⁶-glycosylated adenines were isolated from water systems in satisfactory yields, while ethanol solutions contained mixtures of N⁶ and N⁹-products, as well as complexes of the latter with copper ions. A detailed analysis of the vibrational spectra of N⁶-glycosyladenines confirmed the structure of carbohydrate fragments in the form of pyranose rings, while some part of the product was obtained in the form of deoxyaminoketosis. N-rhamnosyladenine was formed with a more than double yield because of a higher stability of rhamnose with regard to side reactions. The reflection spectra of model solutions of glycosyladenines, recorded 4 days after preparation, showed no bands characteristic of free adenine in the range of 1250-1110 cm^-1, which indicates a sufficient resistance of the synthesized products towards hydrolytic cleavage under experimental conditions. The conducted biotesting of the isolated products on wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum L.) showed an increase in the content of chlorophylls in seedlings for both mannosilade-nines compared to the control. A decrease in the concentration of synthesized products in germination solutions from 0.1 to 0.001% led to an increase in the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments, while this effect was more pronounced for rhamnosyladenine. The latter can be connected with the structural features of car-bohydrate fragments, in particular, the differences in the hydroxylation degree of glucoside fragments. Future research will investigate the mechanisms of transformation and action of N⁶-substituted adenines.

This research is aimed at investigating the adsorption of petroleum products from aqueous solutions by adsorbents modified with HCl and those activated by microwave radiation. The research objects were carbon adsorbents: activated coals, such as AD-05-2, IPI-T, KAD-iodine and zeolites of the TransBaikal deposit. The quantitative analysis of waters (standardised test solutions with an initial concentration of petroleum products not exceeding 10 mg/l) was carried out by the fluorimetric method using a Fluorat-02 liquid analyser. The adsorbents were activated in a microwave oven at a wave power of 800 W for 1 min. The modification was carried out according to the following procedure: 10 g of the adsorbents dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 120-150 °C were stirred for 24 h with 200 ml of a 12% HCl solution in water.

Next, the suspension was filtered and washed with distilled water until neutral. It was found that the value of adsorption of petroleum products by adsorbents modified with HCl increases by 3.8 times for activated carbon KAD-iodine, 0.5 times for IPI-T, and equals 0.71 mg/g and 0.80 mg/g respectively. Among the studied sorbents, these sorbents have the largest grain size (3-5 mm) and micropore volume (0.28-0.29 cm³/g). It was established that the method of short-term (within 1 min) microwave activation makes it possible to increase the adsorption of petroleum products by: 4.2 times for activated carbon KAD-iodine and 0.6 times for IPI-T in comparison with the original adsorbents. The highest adsorption value of petroleum products corresponds to zeolites and equals 0.99 mg/g. The action of microwave radiation is associated with the dissociation and evaporation of the water bound in the adsorbents and flammable organic substances, which leads to an increase in the porosity of the adsorbent. The application of the microwave activation method is highly promising in comparison with the classic methods of chemical and steam-gas activation. This method simplifies the technological design and reduces the consumption of reagents for the production of effective adsorbents used to extract petroleum products from aqueous solutions, which acquires particular importance in the context of maintaining the environmental safety of water use.

Metals play a pivotal role in industry; their use constantly grows. It is virtually impossible to find an industrial field without the use of metals and their alloys. However, owing to the quality degradation of metal during the operational process, corrosion appears not only on its surface but also under a coating, which leads to its destruction. To avoid this, corrosion inhibitors are necessary. Organic compounds have been widely used as corrosion inhibitors. Many organic corrosion inhibitors have been developed nowadays. In the literature, organic compounds comprising N, O, S and P heteroatoms are described, which reduce corrosion rate. The organic compounds are adsorbed on the metal surface, forming a thin layer. Adsorption occurs either through electrostatic interaction or, in some cases, the formation of covalent bonds. The work aimed to study isothiuronic salts as corrosion inhibitors to evaluate their protective properties using the polarisation curves method. Objects of research were isothiuronic compounds containing two active centres separated by saturated and unsaturated carbon bonds (structures 1-3). In structures 4-7, one isothiuronic fragment has different propylene substituting groups. It has been previously shown that these compounds can act as effective brightening agents when applying nickel coatings. A model solution with a density of 1.12 g/cm³ was prepared to study the corrosion inhibitors. The corrosion inhibitor concentration was 400 mg/L. Studies have shown that the compounds with two isothiuronic moieties do not always exhibit improved properties for inhibiting metal degradation in a corrosive environment. In particular, they showed worsening of the inhibiting properties for samples made of steel 20 and identical properties for that made of steel 3.