Fenton reaction systems are applied in organic synthesis for the selective oxidative functionalisation of hydrocarbons, organonitrogen and organosulfur compounds. For the Fe³⁺/ H₂O₂ complex, a mechanism is proposed for the oxidative activation of hydrogen peroxide, which involves the transfer of a proton resulting in the formation of oxywater Fe^{3 + -}O-⁺OH₂, which dissociates heterolytically, liberating water and generating a complex of iron (III) -¹D-oxene [Fe³⁺O⁰(¹D)]³⁺, where the oxygen atom is in the singlet quantum state (2p [↑ ↓ ] [↑ ↓] [_]). This intermediate is intended to be a selective oxidant of organic compounds. The aim of the work is to study the selectivity of oxidation of pyridoxine with hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution in the presence of iron (III) ions, bound to complexes by organic molecules. The structure of the oxidation product was studied using proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. Based on the results of NMR spectroscopy, the primary conversion pathway in the system is based on oxidation of the primary alcohol group at the 4-carbon atom of the pyridine nucleus to the carboxyl group, which acylates the hydroxyl group at the 3-carbon atom of the neighbouring molecule to form an intermolecular ester bond. As a result, a cyclic oligomer is formed, comprising two or three monomeric units. Additional oxidative modifications of the basic oligomeric oxidation product are the oxidation of another primary alcohol group at the 5-carbon atom to the carboxyl group and N-oxidation of the pyridine nitrogen atom. In this case, individual monomer units either may not have additional modifications at all, or have one modification, or both of them at the same time.

The main global trend in the improvement of ecological and operational properties of motor fuels is the application of multipurpose additives, mainly, oxygenates, i.e. oxygen-containing substances (alcohols, ketones, ethers, etc.). The purpose of this review is to analyze the literature and patent data on the synthesis of oxygen-containing compounds based on renewable raw materials. The latter is mainly concerned with non-food raw materials (lignocellulose, glycerin) as well as agricultural and domestic waste (straw, sawdust, biomass, biogas). The data on the use of oxygenates as additives for improving of the operational properties of motor fuels are reviewed and summarized. It is shown that the application of such oxygenates prolongs operational life of fuels, often improves their quality and decreases toxicity of the combustion products. Both traditional additives (alcohols and ethers) and the components of second-generation fuels - derivatives of glycerol, furan and phenol - are analyzed in the review.

An extensive number of organic sorbents can be used for extraction of precious metals from solutions, among which organosilicon sorbents deserve a particular attention. The sorption activity of organosilicon sorbents is determined by the nature of the functional group and its position in the polymer chain. In this study, the effect of the nature and position of the functional substituent on the sorption activity of polyalkylsilsesquioxanes with respect to Ag (I) and Au (III) ions is analyzed for polymer homologues and polymer analogs with sulfhydril, sulphonic, thioalkylamine, guanidine, biguanidine, malonodiamide and phthalamide groups. It is shown that the sorption activity of the com-pounds under study increases during a transition from polyalkylsilsesquioxanes, containing chemically active groups in the a-position, to their polymer homologues, containing these groups in the b- и g-position. The sorption activity of complexing polymers is determined by the stability of the chelate compounds formed, the number of donor-active atoms in the functional groups and their spatial position facilitating the formation of complexes.

In this study, a reagent based on benzoylacetone is synthesized, and its analytical potential for determining iron (III) is established. The complexation of iron (III) with 1-phenyl-2- [2-hydroxyphenylazo] butadione-1,3 (PHPAB) in the presence of diantipyrylmethane (DAM), diantipyrylphenylmethane (DAPM) and diantipyrilotoxyphenylmethane (DAOPM) is analysed and optimal conditions for the complexation are established. The main spectrophotometric characteristics of the as-obtained complexes are calculated, including pH_opt, λ_opt, the molar absorption coefficient, the composition of the complexes and the interval of subordination to Beer's law. The study of iron (III) complexation with the reagent shows that multi-ligand complexes form in the presence of DAM, DAPM and DAOPM. In this process, bathochromic shifts in the absorption spectrum are observed, with the maximum yield shifting to an acid medium. The ratios of the reacting components are calculated for homogeneous Fe-R (1: 2), multi-ligand FeR-DAM (1: 2: 2), FeR-DAPM (1: 2: 1) and FeR-DAOPM (1: 2: 2) complexes. The determination of iron (III) with the reagent in the presence of DAOPM is shown to be highly selective. The effect of some ions and masking agents on the formation of bi- and multi-ligand iron (III) complexes is studied. It is demonstrated that significant amounts of alkali and alkaline earth metals do not hinder the process of iron determination. The developed technique is used to determine the micro-quantities of iron (III) in three apple cultivars.

This paper is aimed at investigating the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of dried cranberry and cowberry extracts, as well as assessing the possibility for cranberry extract to be used in the production of biscuits having antioxidant attributes. By-products from berry processing contain biologically active substances, such as phenolic compounds and benzoic acid, the extraction and concentration of which allowed dried berry extracts to be obtained for further use as possible functional ingredients. The radical binding and Fe²⁺-chelating ability of the extracts and their antimicrobial action towards Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes are determined. The possibility for dried extracts obtained from berry processing by-products to be used in the production of sugar-containing biscuits of increased biological value is investigated. The level of antioxidants in the experimental sample is shown to exceed that of the control sample by 5.2 times, proving the extract to be an effective ingredient in the production of confectionery and other food products.

The effect of limited anaerobic conditions on the productivity of Medusomyces gisevii was studied. An artificial nutrient medium with a volume of 0.4 litres, containing 25% of the inoculate, was used throughout the experiments. Sugar (100 g / L) acting as a carbohydrate, as well as extracts of black or green tea (2 g / L) or coffee (2 g / L) were added to the microorganism cultivation medium. The metabolic activity of the symbiont microorganisms was evaluated by acidification of the nutrient medium, which manifested itself in low pH values and increased electrical conductivity values. Anabiosis of the symbiont was created by layering the vegetable oil on the surface of the nutrient medium. Under the conditions of anabiosis, the absence (for the extracts of black and green teas) and limited growth (for coffee extract) of biocellulose were observed. Moreover, in all samples of Medusomyces gisevii symbionts, the activity of microorganisms decreased sharply under conditions of anabiosis; this was manifested in a decrease in pH values during the month of cultivation by only 1.6-7.3%, and electrical conductivity values by 2.9-41.5%. The obtained data indicate that both oxygen and biocellulose localised on the surface of the culture liquid are needed for normal functioning of Medusomyces gisevii.

There is little scientific data on the use of sodium selenite, a mineral form of selenium, as an intensifier of malting. Therefore, this work is aimed at investigating the possibility of using sodium selenite in accelerating the malting process. To this end, barley of the Acha variety was soaked in an aqueous sodium selenite solution. The malt was obtained using the air-irrigation soaking method, with the barley being germinated in a laboratory-based malting plant. During the experiment, the degree of soaking and the temperature of the grain layer were varied. Under various conditions of barley soaking and germination, the maximum amylolytic activity of the malt was observed on the 4^th day of germination. The addition of sodium selenite led to the accumulation of amylases on the 3^rd day of germination. Based on the experimental data and mathematical modelling, the maximum amylolytic activity of the malt, when a sodium selenite aqueous solution with a concentration of 0.033 mg / l was used, was established. The amylolytic activity of the malt obtained by soaking barley grain with sodium selenite was shown to be 1.5 times higher than that in the reference sample. Thus, our studies have shown that sodium selenite can be used as an intensifier of the malting process.

This work is aimed at investigating the composition and content of phenolic compounds contained in P. schlothauerae leaves using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The material for the study of flavonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids in extracts obtained from P. schlothauerae leaves was collected from natural P. schlothauerae populations during flowering and fruiting phases. Ethanol extracts obtained by extraction in a water bath with 40% ethyl alcohol were analysed using an Agilent 1200 liquid chromatograph equipped with a diode array detector. It is found that 40% water-ethanol leaf extracts contain chlorogenic, caffeic and n-coumaric phenolic carboxylic acids, as well as flavonols including aglycon quercetin, kaempferol and glycoside of quercetin hyperoside. Quercetin, kaempferol, caffeic and n-coumaric acids were found in the hydrolysates of water-ethanol extracts. Differences in the qualitative composition of phenolic compounds contained in the hydrolysates of water-ethanol extracts from P. schlothauerae leaves and plants of the Spiraea genus have been revealed, confirming the taxonomic independence of P. schlothauerae. The content of phenolic substances in P. schlothauerae leaves is higher during the fruiting phase. Kaempferol (0.07 mg / g) is found in water-ethanol extracts from leaves only during the fruiting phase.

This research sets out to study the activity of the phytase enzyme synthesized by the Aspergillus niger L-4 fungus strain in sucrose-mineral medium and to determine optimal conditions for culturing this strain, under which the greatest amount of the phytase enzyme can be synthesized. The possibility of obtaining the phytase enzyme as an additional target product of microbiological synthesis is investigated. The activity of the phytase synthesized by the Aspergillus niger L-4 micromycete is studied by the colorimetric method. This method is based on the determination of inorganic phosphates (PO₄) that form as a result of the phytase enzyme action on the sodium phytate substrate (sodium salt of phytic acid): under standard conditions the phosphates react with the vanadium-molybdenum reagent to yield a phosphor vanadium molybdenum complex of yellow colour. As a result of the fermentation of the Aspergillus niger L-4 strain into citric acid in a sucrose-mineral medium, the maximum activity of phytase in native solution constituted 68.75 units/cm³ for the inoculated mycelium aged 24 and 48 hours, at different volumes of inoculated mycelium (15 and 20%, respectively) and a temperature of 29 ºC. The maximum activity of phytase in the mycelial mass reached 60.50 units/g for the inoculated mycelium aged 36 and 48 h, at different volumes of inoculated mycelium (15 and 20%, respectively) and a temperature of 29 ºC. The results can be used for the development of a method for obtaining two food micro-ingredients - citric acid and phytase - in a single biotechnological process.

This paper considers the use of pyrolysis for the disposal of solid domestic and industrial wastes without residues or threat to public health. A pilot semi-industrial waste processing plant with a capacity of up to 1000 kg/day as part of the thermolysis unit of a waste recycling complex is presented. The advantages of using microwave radiation for decomposition of carbon-containing wastes, including food, polymer, plastic, wood, vegetable and paper fractions having a 30-40% moisture content per solid carbon-coke residue and gaseous fraction, are shown. A system for purification of exhaust flue gases is described. This system involves the stages of catalytic adsorption in a fixed bed adsorber, chemisorption in a wet scrubber by flushing flue gases with lime water and chemisorption in a wet scrubber by washing with an aqueous solution of carbamide. The samples of dust and gas emissions are analysed in terms of the content of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and oxides. It is shown that the concentrations of these harmful substances do not exceed the maximum permissible values. The potential and efficiency of the developed technology that meets modern international standards of environmental safety are demonstrated.

This aim of this research was to study the mechanism and efficiency of the regeneration of filtering walls by means of reverse jet blasting with a rotating nozzle during dusty gas treatment by a slotted filter. Within a series of experiments, the rotational speed of the blowing nozzle and its distance to the filtering wall, the number of wire layers and the gaps between them were varied. Air consumption for filtration and purging was measured along with the hydraulic resistance of a clean filtering wall, a wall with dust sedimentation and one following regeneration. The balance of the forces acting on the dust sediment during regeneration and the conditions for the separation of the sediment from the filtering wall were analysed, allowing the minimum velocity of the blowing jet to be mathematically defined. A dependency relation is proposed for calculating the effective working speed of the jet, which ensures efficient regeneration and minimum purging costs. The efficiency of regeneration is found to be exponentially related to the residual creep resistance index determined by the conditions of filtration and regeneration. A dependency relation is derived to calculate the regeneration coefficient, which can be recommended for determining the total hydraulic resistance of the slotted filter, taking into account the resistance of the clean filtering wall, the resistance of the dust sediment and the residual resistance of the filtering wall after regeneration.

In this paper, we discuss the effect of adding trichloroethylamides of certain sulphonic and car-boxylic acids on the formation of bright coatings in electrochemical nickel plating using the standard Watts electrolyte. As a result, three out of the four compounds under study formed bright coatings, with one forming a semi-bright coating. The additives were introduced into the electro-lyte in an amount of 0.1-0.7 g / L. The current output was 78-97%. The porosity of the coatings obtained reached 0.28-11.02 pores/cm2, which is significantly lower than that obtained with other brighteners. The best brightness-forming effect among the additives studied was achieved with 1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethylamide of acetic acid and 1-4-methoxyphenyl-2,2,2-trichloroethylamide of 4-chloro-phenylsulphonic acid. The blocking effect of trichloroethylamides of sulphonic acids is associated with their electrochemical decomposition on the cathode, which contributes to the introduction of sulphur into the nickel coating in an amount of 0.3-0.4% by weight, thus determining the brightness. It is concluded that the action of trichloroethylamides of carboxylic acids is possibly related to their adsorption on the cathode surface.

This paper is aimed at assessing the possibility of using passive transport processes through semipermeable membranes of cellulose acetate as a criterion for the evaluation of the properties of adapted milk formulas and breast milk. The content of potassium and sodium ions and that of calcium and magnesium in the calcined milk mixtures prepared for the analysis were determined by the potentiometric and titrimetric methods, respectively. The data obtained was used to estimate the rate of diffusion from reconstituted milk mixtures. The permeability coefficients of potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium ions were calculated for reconstituted milk mixtures and an experimental solution that simulated the milk mixtures used in the study in terms of their ionic composition. The diffusion of ions in vitro, which was evaluated using the permeability coefficient, is demonstrated to be identical to the processes of absorption through the gastrointestinal canal wall. The results of the study demonstrate that, in contrast with breast milk, no caseinate cell phosphate complex forms during the reconstitution of adapted milk mixture. This is evidenced by a higher diffusion rate of calcium and magnesium ions from reconstituted adapted milk mixtures than that from breast milk. The calcium and magnesium ions are absorbed less easily from infant formulas than from breast milk.

Far Eastern sea cucumber is a biologically valuable object of aquaculture and marine fishing on the Eastern coast of the Russian Federation. The manufacture of food products from sea cucumber and expansion of the range of such products are relevant economic issues for the Far East. An important technological task is the creation of a sea cucumber product with a functional orientation, with attractive consumer properties and low moisture content. The aim of the work is to develop the technology for producing dried products from Far Eastern sea cucumbers, allowing their biologically active chemical compounds to be preserved and a ready product having a prolonged shelf life with high organoleptic characteristics to be obtained. As a result of experimental studies, a recipe, production scheme and technological parameters for a new dried sea cucumber product are substantiated. The developed product is approved by STO 00471515-054-2017 «Snacks from dried sea cucumber». The quality evaluation of the finished product according to its organoleptic and physicochemical parameters is implemented, and its biological value is confirmed. Dried sea cucumber snacks meet the microbiological parameter requirements of EAEU TR 040/2016 «On the safety of fish and fish products». The shelf life of the dried moulded product from the sea cucumber in a sealed package is evaluated and confirmed.

The aim of the research was to determine the ecological status of soils in the zone of influence of oil and gas industry enterprises by the complex of microbiological and biochemical parameters. Soil samples selected in the territory of LUKOIL-NVNP oil depot No. 5 located within the city of Astrakhan were chosen as the object of research. Soil samples were taken near the source of pollution, 20 and 100 m from the source of pollution, as well as outside the pollution zone. As a result, biological and enzymatic activity of the studied soil samples was studied. Using the most informative indicators, we calculated the integral indicator of the biological state of the studied soils. At the same time, it is established that microbiological indicators are most applicable in comparison with biochemical ones to determine ecological and biological state of soils in the conditions of chemical pollution by oil products. The obtained results show that the ecological status of soils in tank farm No. 5, OOO «LUKOIL-NWNP» Astrakhan by the values of integral indicators, can be characterized as high-threat.

The anthropogenic centres responsible for soil contamination in the urban landscapes of the Volgograd agglomeration include chemical and metallurgical enterprises, filling stations, transit highways, railway networks, etc. An objective assessment of soil contamination with oil products requires that the presence of natural organic compounds in the soil be taken into account. Leaching of oil products from light chestnut soils occurs during the first 11 days irrespective of the granulometric soil composition and oil product concentration, with the efficiency of the process decreasing by 2.58 times (from 5.29 to 2.05) and 13.9 times (from 69.00 to 4.92%) in clay and sandy soils, respectively. The amount of organic carbon evaporated from clay soils is maximal on the 2^nd and 6^th days. The depth of penetration of oil products into the soil profile depends upon the granulometric soil composition. The content of oil products having passed into the water extract depends neither on their concentration, nor on the soil type or granulometric composition. Following autoclaving, under the influence of temperature and pressure, the process of thermal desorption and chemical bond destruction is likely to release organic components from clay and hummock complexes. As a result of thermal desorption, the content of oil products in alluvial soils increases.

In this study, a method for the suspension polymerization of styrene in a dispersive gel medium was developed. An aqueous solution of methylcellulose was used as the gel. The dependence of the dynamic viscosity of methylcellulose solutions on temperature was established. The polymerization of styrene was carried out during 2 or 4 hours at a temperature of 60-80 ° C at the gelation point of methylcellulose solu-tions. The ratio of styrene to methylcellulose was 1:10. When the pol-ymer was cooled, solid polymer particles precipitated on the bottom of the vessel and could be easily separated. The particle polymer sizes var-ied from 0.01 to 7 mm.

Heavy high-viscosity oils and natural bitumen are increasingly attracting research attention as al-ternative sources of hydrocarbon raw materials. The development and rational use of their deposits is considered to be essential for extracting synthetic oil and rare earth metals, as well as for obtaining astringent materials for road construction. Since natural bitumen is rich in microelements, this research sets out to investigate their distribution across the mineral and organic fractions of the rock, as well as in the tar-asphaltene substances contained in natural bitumen. The concentration of nickel, vanadium and accompanying trace elements is found to be uneven in all kir constituents. The largest share of the metals is observed to be concentrated in high-molecular compounds. The data obtained on the distribution of metals in the mineral and organic fractions of petroleum bituminous rock, as well as in the tar-asphaltene substances obtained from natural bitumen are deemed useful for developing technological schemes for their comprehensive processing. In addition, complete utilization of oil bituminous rock can be achieved.

The effect of 1-germatranol hydrate, compared to trekrezan, on protein synthesis and the related systems regulating the development, differentiation, regeneration and maintenance of both cellular and tissue homeostasis was studied in vitro using the human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) culture. The activating effect of 1-germatranol hydrate on the total activity of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, one of the key enzymes in the extraribosomal stage of the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase protein synthesis, is shown. A 15 μg / ml dose of 1-germatranol hydrate increases the expression of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase by 33-45% more than a 15 μg / ml dose of trecrezan. By stimulating the biosynthesis of immunoglobulins, germatranol hydrate exhibits an actoprotective effect, thus accelerat-ing the formation of both forms of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. Activated tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, suppressing pathological processes of abnormal aggressive proliferation of blood vessels, stimulates the restorative physiological development of blood vessels. The data obtained suggest that 1-germatranol hydrate can be used as a pharmaceutical exhibiting immunomodulatory and adaptogenic action.