The purpose of this research was to develop a selective rapid method for verifying the presence of palladium. For the first time, 2-(4-ethilthiophenyl) pyrrole has been used as a reagent for palladium determination. The reagent was obtained by the Trofimov reaction from 4-ethylthiophenylketoxime and acetylene at atmospheric pressure (Potassium Hydroxide/Dimethyl Sulfoxide, 96 °С, 5 h). It is established that Pd (II) and 2-(4-ethilthiophenyl) pyrrole form a complex compound of yellow colour in hydrochloric solutions (6 M of HCl, with a pH of up to 5). This compound absorbs in the visible region, λ = 415 nm. The properties of the palladium pyrrole complex were studied by an extraction-photometric method. The limits of Pd (II) concentrations (0,5-5,0 μg/ml), obeying the basic law of photometry, were revealed. The developed method for verifying the presence of Pd has been tested on complex solutions and the samples of industrial catalyst RC-404. It is shown that the new reagent provides a high selectivity of Pd (II) determination in the presence of Ag (I), Mn (II), Zn (II), Pb (II) and Ni (II), Al (III), Fe (III), Bi (III), Th (IV), Pt (IV), (VI), W (VI) and (VI), with the accuracy of analysis being ± 4%. In comparison with other analytical reagents, 2-(4-ethylthiophenyl) pyrrole is characterized by a high accuracy and good reproducibility of results, as well as by the selectivity and promptness of the analysis (4-5 min).

This paper presents the results of a study aimed at synthesizing a potassium sulphated amide on the basis of olive oil and monoethanolamine. The surface-active properties and protective ability of this compound are investigated. During experiments, a gel-like odourless substance of a light colour was obtained. It is established that the synthesized compound decreases the surface tension from 22,07 dyn/cm to 20,95 dyn/cm across a concentration range of 0,033 mol/L to 0,2 mol/L. The compound structure was determined using the method of infrared spectroscopy. The IR spectra obtained are shown to contain the following absorption bands: at 874 cm^-1, characteristic of the S-O bond; at 1164 cm^-1, characteristic of the S=O bond; at 1505 cm-1 and 1709 cm^-1, related to the C=O and N-H bonds in the amide group. The protective ability of potassium sulphated monoethanolamide oleate is established, with its inhibiting coefficient being equal 2,5. It is concluded that the newly-synthesized surfactant can be successfully used for inhibiting corrosion in an acidic medium.

Research into the kinetics of processes associated with the regeneration of spent chromium-containing solutions primarily aims to determine such basic parameters, as the order and rate constants of the reactions involved, their activation energies and transference numbers. All these parameters determine the efficiency of the regeneration process and its power consumption values. In addition, knowledge of these dependencies is essential for the selection of optimal operating modes of a device for regenerating spent chromium-containing solutions, as well as for the development of mathematical models and engineering calculation methods describing such processes. On the basis of experimental data, a functional relationship between changes in the values of electric current intensity and transference numbers has been established. The optical density of samples was measured using a photoelectric concentration colorimeter KFK-2-UHL 4.2. The voltage and current intensity values were controlled and regulated using a power supply unit Mastech HY3005-2. It is shown that an increase in the intensity of electric current leads to a decrease in the mobility of chromium ions. This occurs because the gas is absorbed by the solution, which prevents the passage of electric cur-rent. In addition, an increase in the current intensity results in the deposition of chromium on the electrode. Optimal dependencies between the key kinetic characteristics and parameters of the re-generation process are provided. Diagrams are presented for calculating optimal parameters of the process and corresponding power consumption values, which can be helpful in carrying out the re-generation of spent chromium-containing solutions with a high efficiency.

A method for saxitoxin (STX) determination is proposed. It consists of target compound extraction with 0,05 M acetic acid, derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), and subsequent HPLC electrospray ionization MS analysis. The reaction was performed in acetonitrile-trifluoroacetic acid (98,5:1,5 v/v) at 65 °C; the half-life of STX was ca. 3,6 hours. The method was applied to analysis of natural cyanobacteria samples and a cultivated Nostoc Pruniforme strain. Detection was performed by measuring total ion current, and chromatograms for STX were obtained using an extracted ion procedure at m/z 462,15 (STX hydrazone). A frequent complication of the derivatization with DNPH is the formation of two stereoisomers, E and Z, giving two separate peaks under HPLC. Quantum-chemical calculation predicted that, due to steric hindrance, only one isomer (Z) of STX adduct is formed, and hence only one peak of the analyte is present in the chromatogram. The following metrological parameters were achieved: limits of determination (20 ng/g of dry cyanobacterial biomass), reproducibility (4%), and medium-term precision (± 7%).

This paper describes conditions for the cultivation of bacterial nanocellulose using various primary producers. Research into parameters determining a high yield in the production of bacterial nanocellulose is highly relevant due to an increased demand in this product in various industries. Key parameters that affect the growth of cellulose-synthesizing bacteria and the biosynthesis of bacterial nanocellulose include the following: the concentration of the carbon source in the nutrient solution; aeration; cultivation temperature; active acidity level. The concentration of reducing substances in the nutrient solution can range from 6 to 100 g/l. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the nutrient solution can be considered as a limiting factor for all cellulose-synthesizing microorganisms. It is shown that the temperature range for the bacterial nanocellulose biosynthesis can vary from 25 to 33°C for various primary producers. PH values that provide a maximal yield of bacterial nanocellulose are determined to range from 4 to 6.5 for various primary producers. The literature review has proven the importance of a case-by-case approach when selecting cultivation conditions for every primary producer so as to maximize the bacterial nanocellulose yield.

In this research, we set out to conduct a thematic review of literature published on the processes of bacterial nanocellulose biosynthesis (BNC) using alternative culture media with the purpose of identifying key technological approaches in the field. The literature search and selection cover a period of 20 years. The analysis of the discovered patented technical solutions has shown BNC pro-duction to be a complicated and expensive process. Three main directions for reducing its costs have been identified: substitution of edible raw materials by non-edible ones; development of new engineering solutions permitting either a greater product yield or a higher BNC quality; isolation (from natural sources or creation with bioengineering technologies) of new micro-organism strains that possess a high biosynthetic action, thus enabling a higher product yield over a shorter time. A number of patents under investigation are shown to cover all three of the aforementioned directions. It is concluded that the identified directions in the BNC production can be considered promising for the development of new technical solutions.

Our aim was to synthesize antigen polysaccharide complexes based on the surface subunits of the influenza virus B/Florida/04/2006 in the presence of various primary amines and to study their physicochemical properties. The antigen polysaccharide complexes were synthesized by conjugation with a partially oxidized dextran and subsequent reduction by natrium borane. The biological and physicochemical properties of the as-synthesized antigen polysaccharide nanoscale constructions are investigated. On the basis of the results, we have proposed a spectrophotometric method for determining tyrosine in antigen samples modified by oxidized dextran in the presence of tyrosine. Ratios between the main components of the synthesized antigen polysaccharide nanoscale constructions "loaded" with an additional amount of tyrosine have been determined. It is shown that the synthesized antigen polysaccharide complexes contain 16-30 parts of dextran and 40-130 parts of additionally taken amino acid residues per 1 part of antigens. Approximate molecular weights of the synthesized conjugates are shown to range from 1 to 2 million Da. Nanoscale constructions with such molecular weights are comparable with those of viral particles and, in fact, can be considered as virus-like particles.

This aim of this paper is to study the effect of salicylic acid - a substance that combines the properties of a signal mediator and a stress hormone - on the functioning of the pro- and antioxidant system components of wheat germs under the action of cadmium sulphate. To this end, wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum l.) of the Krasnodarskaya 99 variety were soaked in a 0,1 mm salicylic acid solution for 6 hours and subsequently grown using cadmium sulphate solutions at increasing concentrations. The germination energy was determined on the 3rd day of germination. On the 7th day of the experiment, the effect of CdSO₄ on the wheat germs was assessed by the length and wet weight of the shoots and the root system; the activity of lipid peroxidation; the proline and pigment content in the leaves of the sprouts. It is established that the values of growth rate, lipid peroxidation activity, proline and photosynthetic pigment content depend on the concentration of CdSO₄. It should be noted that the growth rate shows a monotonous dependence on the CdSO₄ concentration, while all the other parameters - non-monotonous. It is concluded that salicylic acid contributes to the enhanced oxidative stress of the plants at all of the studied CdSO₄ concentrations, thus supporting their antioxidant systems at higher levels.

In this work, we set out to investigate the role of diffusion in the microbial reduction of iodonitrotetraolium chloride (INT) using the methods of chemical kinetics. In environmental studies, re-searchers use the intensity of tetrazolium salt reduction to evaluate an overall viability of microorganisms and their communities. In particular, tetrazolium salts could be used as an indicator of the corrosive activity of bacteria. However, it is known that the reduction of tetrazolium salts can only register the response of those microbial community parts that are capable of actively reducing these substances. Therefore, research into the causes of a wide-range reduction ability of microorganisms towards tetrazolium salts can improve the objectivity of environmental and other studies, including the study of the corrosion activity of organotrophic bacteria. The kinetic parameters of INT reduction by Clostridium spp., Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli suspensions have been determined. On the basis of the values of the pre-exponential factor in the Arrhenius equation, an assumption is made that the reaction is characterized by a diffusion-controlled character.

The aim of the work was to study a correlation relationship between Lipoxygenase activity in the seeds of Triticum aestivum l. wheat and their endosperm texture parameters, i.e. the specific surface area of the flour, flour particle size and wheat vitreousness. A comparison between several wheat breeds and two populations of wheat alien substitution lines has shown that Lipoxygenase activity is positively correlated with the specific surface value of flour particles and is negatively correlated with wheat particle size (P ≤ 0,01). Under unfavourable environment conditions, a change in the endosperm texture parameters, namely the resistance indices of the Diamant 2 (Novosibirskay 67) wheat breed, are found to be correlated with the resistance indices of Lipoxygenase activity (P ≤ 0,05; 0,01). The endosperm texture is known to be an important technological characteristic of hexaploid wheat, which determines its milling characteristics and end use. Hard wheat varieties are used for bread-making, while soft ones are suitable for confectionery production. For the first time, a negative correlation between Lipoxygenase activity and grain hardness has been found. Lipoxygenase present in wheat seeds is likely to be involved in the formation of the endosperm texture, promoting its softness.

Сellulose containing raw materials are widely recognized to be a promising and ubiquitous type of biomass that can be used to produce ethanol without using additional arable land and without competing with the food sector of the economy. Key factors in determining the efficiency of bioethanol production include the chemical composition of cellulose containing raw materials and methods of their preliminary treatment. In this work, Miscanthus substrates were obtained by preliminary chemical treatment under the conditions of an experimental industrial production laboratory of the Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies of the Siberian Branch оf the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is shown that, at the saccharification stage, the highest concentration of reducing substances was achieved for substrates obtained by one-stage chemical treatment, with the concentrations being equal 43,6 g/l and 43,7 g/l for the substrates after nitrate and alkaline delignification treatments, respectively. The dependence of bioethanol yield on various parameters has been studied. It is shown that, with respect to the amount of bioethanol yield from 1 t of Miscanthus, the substrates obtained can be presented in the following order: product of nitric acid treatment > pulp (technical cellulose, combined method) > product of alkaline delignification > pulp (technical cellulose, nitric acid method).

This paper investigates the effect of organic acids - Krebs cycle intermediates (citric, α-Ketoglutaric, succinic, malic and oxalic acids) - taken in concentrations from 10^-9 to 10^-15 M on the growth of pure Pseudomonas aeruginosa, its developmental stages, heredity and multiplication. It is established that ultra-small concentrations of the Krebs cycle intermediates do stimulate the growth of P. aeruginosa. Nanopreparations based on the Krebs cycle acids with their concentrations ranging from 10^-9 to 10^-12 M are shown to exhibit the highest growth-stimulating action. In an experiment aimed at investigating a joint action of Krebs cycle intermediate nanopreparations and herbicides, a synergistic effect of increased herbicide phytotoxicity was revealed. The propensity of the P. aeruginosa strain to accelerated reproduction under the influence of a stimulating agent is not preserved in its third generation. It is determined that the stimulation of P. aeruginosa growth has limit values for each concentration and is of a cyclical character. A nanopreparation with a concentration of 10^-11 M is shown to exhibit the highest stimulating action.

In this work, we investigate the process of microparticle formation using highly-sulphated polysaccharides isolated from brown algae (Fucoidan) and protein (bovine serum albumin) under the action of acrylate emulsion and non-ionic surfactants. Polysaccharide/protein conjugates were formed as a result of electrostatic interaction between the biopolymers at their different ratios in an acidic medium (pH 4,5). Subsequently, the non-ionic silicone emulsifier PEG-12 Dimethicone was added. A gel based on acrylate emulsion was used as the carrier of such particles. The microparticles obtained are shown to exhibit high levels of stability, load efficiency and encapsulation. A dependence between these parameters and the quantitative ratio of the biopolymers used is established. It is shown that the particle size does not exceed 330 nm. The lowest particle size values were achieved under the action of a low-concentrated Fucoidan solution. It is determined that particles with a 1:1,5 ratio of protein/polysaccharide and an average size of 285 nm show the greatest encapsulating ability.

This paper investigates the processes of mass exchange in the process of red table wine batonnage. These processes occur between yeast cells and the wine material under changes in the concentration of amine nitrogen and phenolic compounds. The research objects consisted in red table wine samples from the Cabernet-Sauvignon grape variety fermented using the Oenoferm Rouge (Germany) active dried yeast and the Bastardo yeast (Magarach Institute). Upon the completion of fermentation, the wine material was separated into four samples, each of which was kept on the lees. 30-minute batonnage without aeration was performed at different intervals during a 3-month period: sample 1 - once a month; sample 2 - twice per 3 months; sample 3 - once per 3 months (in 1.5 months); sample 4 - without stirring (reference sample). While the concentration of amino nitrogen was steadily increasing over the period in samples 1 and 3 compared to the reference sample, sample 2 showed its lesser amount. The sum concentration of phenolic compounds and anthocyanin decreased slightly under the contact of the wine material with the yeast biomass and batonnage during 2 months, which positively affected the results of the conducted wine organoleptic analysis.

This article considers the possibility of using black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) and seabuck-thorn (Hippóphae rhamnoídes) puree in cake fillings. The purpose of the work was to improve vari-ous formulas of cake fillings with the addition of these berries, which are known to possess high nutritional values. The crushed black chokeberry and seabuckthorn fruits were introduced into the filling formula instead of apple butter. The 20, 40, 60 and 80% dosages of the additives to the total weight were studied. A filling with apple butter without the addition of black chokeberry and sea-buckthorn was used as a reference sample. It is established that the addition of black chokeberry and seabuckthorn puree in the amount of 20% of the apple butter volume has a positive effect on the organoleptic characteristics of a cake filling. The investigation of the physicochemical parameters of the filling samples has shown that the addition of the puree increases the acidity and moist tex-ture of the fillings, at the same time as decreasing the mass fraction of sugar and calorie content. It is shown that the investigated additives enrich cake fillings with vitamin C. Thus, its content in the cake fillings under study reached 23,5 mg% and 3,2 mg% after the introduction of seabuckthorn and black chokeberry, respectively.

This work is aimed at investigating the sorption properties of Zeolite in the Khotynetsky deposits. A syste-matic study was conducted to examine the sorption properties of the natural Zeolite mined in the Khotynetsky deposits towards a number of toxic subtances: heavy metals (Hg, Pb, As, Cd, Zn, Ni), antibiotics (tetracycline, doxycycline, levomycetin and penicillin) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzo(a)pyrene). Water and food are the main sources of heavy metals in the body. Benzo(a)pyrene is known to be a highly toxic carcinogen belonging to the class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This substance exhibits mutagenic, embryotoxic and hematotoxic effects, thus contributing to the development of malignant tumors. For all the studied toxicants, we have determined the effect of medium acidity and sorption time on the substance extraction, the sorption capacity of Zeolite and respective sorption isotherms. A relationship between the destruction of the Zeolite structure and its sorption properties is presented, taking into account the acidity of the medium. The data obtained are of practical interest and can be used for the development of recommendations concerning the application of Zeolite from the Khotynetsky deposits as an enterosorbent. Such recommendations can facilitate the development of diet optimization models in terms of the amount and combination of pharmaceutical biologically active substances.

This paper compares thermal, chemical, biological and physical approaches to the disposal and recycling of oil sludges. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed. The conducted comparative analysis has shown that, from the economic and environmental standpoints, the physical approach is best suited for oil sludge recycling at industrial enterprises. A new device - a three-phase decanter - is proposed for the recycling of oil sludge. The decanter is a horizontally-placed centrifuge with a cylinder-conical bowl having a solid outer jacket for a continuous separation of solid particles from suspensions. At the device outlet, oil product samples are shown to contain less than 2% of water and 1% of mechanical impurities, which values conforms to generally accepted standards. The decanter allows oil products to be extracted from oil sludge for subsequent use. It is concluded that the proposed device can be applied by oil production companies to earn additional profit from oil sludge recycling, at the same time as reducing the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere.

The accumulated hazardous colloidal precipitates of sludge lignin in the Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill are located in the vicinity of settlements and four hundred metres from Lake Baikal. The area of their location is considered to be mudflow dangerous; therefore, any failure in the sediment storage tanks can trigger socio-ecological technogenic catastrophes that might entail irreversible environmental consequences for the entire Southern Pribaikalye district. This paper presents a new environmentally-friendly technology for processing accumulated waste in the Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill. A series of industrial experimental tests on the freeze treatment of colloidal sludg-elignin precipitates was carried out under natural conditions. Changes in the physical and chemical properties of the precipitates were studied. A technological scheme for the waste recycling is proposed. It is established that three fractions are formed following the freeze treatment of colloidal sludge-lignin precipitates, including demineralized water (up to 25%), mineralized water (up to 15%) and a re-structured colloidal precipitate (up to 60%). The total volume of the precipitate is shown to decrease to 40%. After the freeze treatment of the sludge-lignin precipitate, the degradation of its colloidal structure occurs. Under this process, lignin substances and colloid-bound moisture pass into the water phase, accompanied by the transition of the amorphous lattice of gibbsite to diaspore. The freeze treatment of colloidal sludge-lignin precipitates in the Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill leads to a decrease in their toxicity from the third to the fourth hazard class. The wastes were systematized using the morphological and quantitative composition analysis. This allowed a waste recycling technology to be developed based on the principles of freeze treatment. The proposed environmentally-friendly technology for recycling wastes in the Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill is expected not only to reduce costs and to raise the social and ecological safety at the enterprise with the total economic effect of 17,7 billion RUB, but also to obtain a valuable compound - α-Al₂O₃ - for the production of М-400 cement.

This paper investigates an approach to the recycling of carbon fibre materials using the method of solvolysis. This method allows the extraction of reinforcing fillers from the matrix, which can be subsequently re-used for the production of polymeric composite materials. The obtained results form a theoretical framework for the development of a technology for managing waste products containing polymeric composite materials. The disposal of polymeric composite materials present a number of environmental challenges, primarily due to their resistance to external conditions as a result of increased physical and mechanical characteristics. The key approach to solving this problem is to recycle these materials. One of the advantages of recycling is the formation of a certain number of useful products that can be subsequently used in industry without a repeated pollution of the environment. For such reasons, recycling is considered to be not only a cost-effective, but also an environmentally preferred and safer approach to solving the problem of composite material disposal.

The aim of this work is to investigate the double salt systems of Tl₂MoO₄-Ag₂MoO₄ and Tl₂WO₄-Ag₂WO₄using the method of X-ray phase analysis. The formation of a limited number of solid solutions in these systems is shown. In the sub-solidus region of the thallium silver containing molybdate system, the formation of a limited solid solution has been revealed, resulting from a high-temperature modification of thallium molybdate with an extension of up to 73 mol. %. At the same time, a solid solution in the thallium-containing tungstate system on the side of thallium tungstate, which crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system, has an extension of 78 mol.% Tl₂WO₄. The investigated systems Tl₂RO₄-Ag₂RO₄ (R = W, Mo) are similar to thallium-sodium molybdate and tungstate systems, in which the solubility regions are determined to be 60 mol.% and 86 mol. % for the high-temperature hexagonal modification of thallium molybdate and for the orthorhombic modification of thallium tungstate, respectively.

The creation of biotechnological products from raw materials of plant origin is increasingly attracting much research attention due to issues associated with environmental degradation and prevalence of processed foods and food additives (steroids, antibiotics, etc.) that can accumulate in the human body. The aim of this work was to study the safety and nutrient bioavailability of wild-type Lespedeza bicolor and food products obtained on its basis. The research objects consisted in the air-dried green mass of Lespedeza bicolor (young shoots and leaves) and its extracts, as well as a jelly produced from these extracts. As a result of experiments, the chemical composition of the air-dried green mass of Lespedeza bicolor and a change in the content of polyphenolic compounds in its extracts during storage have been determined. A suppressing effect of the aqueous ethanol extract of Lespedeza bicolor has been established, when the ratio between the raw material and the extractant equals 1:10. A growth-enhancing effect of the aqueous ethanol extract of Lespedeza bicolor is observed when the ratio between the raw material and the hydromodule equals 1:20. For the Tetrahymena periformis test culture, this effect was achieved at 1:30. The microbiological parameters and safety of products based on Lespedeza bicolor extracts have been determined. It has been established that the intensity of the Tetrahymena periformis development is directly dependent on the concentration of the Lespedeza bicolor extract in a product, with concentrations in the range 1:50 having little effect on the growth and development of living cells.