Condensation reactions of 5-hydrazinotetrazole with malonic dialdehyde and acetylacetone are considered. 12 new derivatives of 5-(pyrazole-1-yl)tetrazoles were synthesized and characterized. Commercially available 5-aminotetrazole was oxidized by potassium permanganate in aqueous alkaline solution yielding 5,5'-azotetrazolate pentahydrate which was decomposed in acidic media to 5-hydrazinotetrazole. One-pot procedure is suggested to prepare the 5(pyrazole-1-yl)tetrazole derivatives from 5-aminotetrazole. According to introduced method after carrying out condensation with β-carbonyl compounds reaction mixture was treated by an equivalent amount of bromine. Target products were separated from the reaction mixture as corresponding 4-bromoderivatives of 5-(pyrazole-1-yl)tetrazoles. The presence of a bromine atom in structure of synthesized compounds greatly facilitates processes of their isolation, purification and further alkylation of tetrazole ring. Debromination was realized by hydrogenation over palladium catalyst by hydrogen at moderate pressure. For synthesis of 4-nitroderivatives of 5-(pyrazole-1-yl)tetrazoles nitration in system HNO₃/H₂SO₄ was used. 5-(4-amino-3,5-dimethylpyrazole-1-yl)tetrazole was prepared by the reduction of 5-(4-nitro-3,5-dimethylpyrazole-1-yl)tetrazole.

When samples of various polymers are heated, there is a monotonic change of various physico-chemical, physical and chemical properties until achieving of certain transition temperatures at which an abrupt change in properties of the polymers is observed. Cellulose is known to be a linear stereoregular semi-crystalline polysaccharide composed of anhydroglucose units joined by 1,4-β-glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide has a complex supramolecular structure consisting of ordered crystallites and less ordered noncrystalline domains. This review article contains the description and discussion of temperature transitions in non-crystalline domains of cellulose. It has been shown that due to structural heterogeneity the non-crystalline domains have three temperature transitions of relaxation type, where the α₁ transition at 490-500 K and α₂ transition at 380-410 K are caused by the occurrence of segmentalmobility in dense mesomorphous and less packed amorphous clusters, respectively; whereas the β transition at 260-300 K is related to the mobility of small segments in loose packed amorphous clusters, which probably are located on the outer surface of cellulose fibrils. Under the action of water and other plasticizers all three isophase transitions are shifted to lower temperatures. Along with α and β transitions, also low-temperature γ transition at 180-200 K is observed due to mobility of hydroxy-methylene groups in noncrystalline domains of cellulose.

The method of synthesis has been developed and the structure of the triple polymer-metal complex based on chitosan, polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride and Cu (II) ions have been studied. The desired pH of the medium and the component ratio for stoichiometric complex are ascertained. The coordination sphere of the complex was shown to form by amine groups of polymeric ligands and hydroxyl groups. The estimation of the antibacterial properties of the synthesized complex against Gram-positive and Gram-negative sanitary-indicative bacteria is discussed.

Parameters of formation reactions of complexes and water clusters, thionyl chloride and its hydrolysis products in a gas phase were investigated by methods of quantum and chemical simulation B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2р), MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ and G4. Structural and thermodynamic characteristics of such complexes as H₂O(H₂O)_n,n=1-5,7, SOCl₂(H₂O)_n, H⁺(H₂O)_n, OH^-(H₂O)_n, Cl^-(H₂O)_n, SOCl⁺(H₂O)_n, (SOCl₂(H₂O)_n)^-, SOCl(OH)(H₂O)_n, n=1-4; HCl(H₂O)_n, n=1-5 were determined. Various variants of formation and decomposition of these particles were considered. It was found that we should consider reactions of neutral clusters (H₂O)n and SOCl₂(H₂O)_n as the most probable channels of hydrolysis_.

The aim of this work was to study solubilizing action of micellar surfactant solutions (caprylyl/capryl glucoside, sodium dodecyl sulfate, cocoamidopropyl betaine) and their mixtures based on alkylpolyglucoside towardsoil soluble fragrance. The solubilization capacities and values of the critical micelle concentration were evaluated using spectrophotometric titration method for surfactant solutions. Diameters of the micelles formed in solutions were determined using dynamic light scattering method. Investigated surfactant mixtures demonstrate synergism in respect of the above parameters.

The analysisof fluctuating asymmetry is a widely acceptedmethodfordetermining the extent ofanthropogenic impactson ecosystems. However the given method requires meticulous measurements and of calculations, many of which still poorly are automated which makes it difficult widespread use of this method in the implementation of environmental monitoring. We bring to attention a software development project automation of morphometry leaf, including the computation of the fluctuating asymmetry.

The properties of biopolymers based on chitosan, hydrolytic enzymes and some organic compounds have been studied. Enzymatic activities of obtained materials and their structure were estimated using absorption spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and electron microscopy. Also we proposed in this paper the structural scheme of designed materials and interaction mechanisms of system’s components to create the medical materials based on studied therapeutic agents with adjusted properties in future.

The effect of liquid and volatile extractives and antimicrobial action of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) on the entomopathogenic bacteria strain B. thuriengiensis var. thuringiensis 0371 was studied. The liquid spore culture of B. thuringiensis 0371 strain, the collection variety of oregano 100.1 and hybrid g4 containing 75.5% and 52.0% of carvacrol respectively, have been selected as the specimens with high carvacrol content having antimicrobial effect due to phenolic compounds (thymol, carvacrol) presence. The dynamics of strain spores keeping on the leaf surface was determined according to the method of A.G. Kolchevsky. Quantitative estimation of liquid and volatile extractives and antimicrobial action of substances was performed by E.M. Danini. The study demonstrated that the volatile fractions of oregano extractives possess the antimicrobial activity against the strain of B. thuringiensis 0371. For r4 and 100.1 varieties on flowering phases this activity rise to the maximum, so the amount of strain colonies was decreased in 3.0 and 2.5 times respectively. Extractive substances of oregano variety 100.1 have the greatest antimicrobial activity in the budding phase, but hybrid variety r4 has the same in flowering stage. It was noted that volatile extractives can change the morphology of the 0371 strain colonies and reduce their size 1.6 - 2.6 times in the stages of budding and flowering. Volatile extractives of oregano 100.1 variety was found to affect the keeping of B. thuringiensis 0371 spores at plant processing in natural conditions. The quantity of viable spores on the leaves is reduced by 96.3% on the third day after treatment.

The research is concerned with optimization of conditions for obtaining liposomes with a concentrate of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). We obtained the concentrate from seal fat by method of complexing with urea. The analysis of the concentrate showed high essential PUFA content with a ratio of ω-6:ω-3 of 1,3:1. Via an experiment we detected an optimal proportion of PUFA concentrate and phospholipids for obtaining liposomes. We also identified the optimal period of liposomal structures storage. We studied the processes of lipid peroxidation in liposomes. We found out that during the process of storage the level of TBA-active substances in the products of lipid peroxidation did not rise. We identified the degree of PUFA concentrate inclusion in liposomes at 62.6 %. We defined the size of liposomes by method of turbidimetry. The average diameter of obtained liposomes is 99.54 nm.

The aim of work was to study the activity of peroxidase in the aerial organs of grafted and own-rooted plants in the main phases of development. The paper describes a study of changes in the activity of peroxidase in the period of accretion and main phases of development of component vaccinations. Plant pumpkins vigorously seek to heal wounds, and therefore the activity of peroxidase in leaves is significantly higher than that of the Scion plants of watermelon and melon. After fusion grafting, grafted plants of watermelon and melon in the subsequent phases of development (flowering and fruiting) were in more favorable conditions and compatibility with the rootstock and had an increased immunity to pathogens than own-rooted plants pumpkins. The obtained results allow us to draw a scientific basis to the selection of optimal components with an inoculation of plants by linking the level of physiological processes occurring in plants compatibility of Scion and rootstock.

The process of sucrose extracting from sugar-beet chips is one of the major stage in the technological flow of sugar production. Currently, the recovery of the sucrose is realized by means of its water extraction from sugar beet tissue cells, where it is located in the juice in the cellular solution form. The aim of the study is to analyze the kinetics of sucrose recovery from sugar-beet chips into stationary liquid countercurrent flow (extractant) of inclined screw diffuser space. We used the boundary value problem for the convective diffusion equation as the initial physico-mathematical model of the process. The numerical experiment was carried out to verify the obtained solution adequacy of quantitative modelling according to investigated physical diffusion process of sucrose recovery from sugar-beet chips.

We carried out the investigation of cellulose composites and composites with poly-N-N-dimethyl-3,4-methylenpyrrolidin chloride with different concentration of polymer. Cellulose was produced by Gluconacetobacter sucrofermentas. The data of Fourier spectral analysis and the change in weight of the films revealed the high efficiency of sorption of polymer on the bacterial cellulose. The presence of polymer decreases the swelling rate constant and increases the change in weight of the composite when placed in distilled water. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of the crystals of the polymer in dried films when placed them into a 15% solution of the polymer. The composites with poly-N-N-dimethyl-3,4-methylenpyrrolidin chloride show antibacterial properties, they suppress E.coli growth. Specimens treated by a 1.5% and 0.75% polymer solution are more effective.

The aim of the research is to study the Fe(III) ion sorption from wines by natural zeolites treated by acid. Acid treatment of сlinoptilolite tuff by means of hydrochloric acid solutions was carried out. Equilibrium content of iron(III) was determined by method of atomic absorption spectrometry. The study assumed that the sorption of iron (III) ions by activated natural zeolite occurs generally in accordance with the mechanism of ion exchange. High effect of sorptional cleaning wines after acid treatment of clinoptilolite tuff was found. Optimum parameters of processing acid activation were determined.

The paper considers the problem of rational use of collagen raw material (fish skin) in the food industry. The proposed technology of collagen hydrolysates includes enzyme treatment of cod, blueback and chum salmon skin, subsequent citric acid steeping and lyophylisation. The enzyme preparation Protepsin was used for fish skin treatment. A composition containing fish skin collagen hydrolysates and herbal raw materials is developed to use for semi-finished fish production. Physicochemical, functional and technological, structural and mechanical properties of a collagen hydrolyzate and compositions were determined in order to select the optimum components ratio and the level of substitution of raw fish. The experiments demonstrated that developed technology can used to produce semifinished fish.

The aim of the study was to determine the rational technological scheme of multi-stage reverse osmosis for obtaining maximum treatment degree of mentioned wastewater. The sewage of «Krasnyi Bor», one of the largest toxic industrial waste landfill in the country, was used to conduct the study. Membrane reverse osmosis method was used for sewage treatment. The results demonstrate that preliminary traditional sewage processing including the barbotage, sludging, alkalization, filtration through granular layer and subsequent one-stage reverse osmosis was insufficient to get the normal cleaning. Therefore, two-stage consistent scheme of reverse osmosis processing including the several preliminary physico-chemical treatment was pro-posed. Combination of physico-chemical technology and two-stage reverse osmosis treatment of «Krasnyi Bor» sewage allows obtaining the indicators corresponding with limits of water disposal into natural waters. Intermediate reactant treatment, which is usually not used in traditional treating facilities, significantly affected results of sewage treatment. In addition the two-stage alkalization demands 25% - 32% NaOH less than the one-stage, giving the higher degree of sewage treatment.

To development a foundation of biotechnological process models occurring in the human stomach with the persistence of the Helicobacter pylori (HP) bacteria colonies. Observations in vivo were carried out on two groups of subjects: in 10 volunteers (22-55 years old) with known HP-status oral fluid parameters before and after ingesting a urea solution were studied. In addition, urease activity of urealiticum microflora of the oral cavity was investigated in 62 persons with unknown HP status (5 - 64 years old). Determining the level of ammonia was carried out by linearly coloristic method (detection limit 0.3 mg/m3) and by using a calibrated electrochemical sensor (detection limit 1,4 mg/m3).The biomarker pathways of ammonia resulted from the enzymatic hydrolysis of 500 mg urea by HP urease was analyzed. The levels of ammonia in mouth and stomach and the release time of the analyte were compared. The limit stage is the formation of ammonia in the stomach. The presence of urease producers in the oral cavity and the necessity of the addition of their products as a result of side reactions of urea hydrolysis were demonstrated. The process mechanism of ammonia forming and its mass balance were proposed. Based on the standard biosystem of Helicobacter pylori, a model of the derivation of gaseous ammonia as a biomarker of HP presence in the diagnosis of human gastrointestinal tract diseases was created. It allows an algorithm of analytical detection of the bacteria persistence to be built and the new diagnostic tools to be developed.

The aim of the research was to study the bacterial cellulose biosynthesis on the enzymatic hydrolyzate of the oat hull pulp. The pulp was obtained from oat hulls by the dilute nitric-acid method. Enzymatic hydrolysis was run in an 11-L fermenter. Bacterial cellulose was synthesized using the symbiotic Мedusomyces gisevii culture. The maximum specific growth rates of the yeast and acetobacteria were 0.352 days^-1 and 0.775 days^-1, respectively; the population of acetobacteria was lower by an order of magnitude. The synthesis of bacterial cellulose is accompanied by the growth of acetobacteria, and their population may serve as a marker of bacterial cellulose biosynthesis efficiency. The enzymatic hydrolyzate of the oat hull pulp is a favorable broth for the biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose and its yield was 9.0%.

The aim of this work was to study the behavior of single and multilayer capsules from sodium alginate and CMC during enzymatic hydrolysis in-vitro. Multilayer capsules based on the dietary fiber with encapsulated model biologically active protein were developed. Their behavior was studied under conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis in vitro using physical methods of analysis. It is shown that the capsules size was followed the reduction trends in the model "stomach." However, after being placed in an intestinal solution all capsules began to swell to varying degrees due to an increase in electrostatic repulsion forces. During the experiment, it was found that the hardness of the capsules in a model "stomach" was higher as compared to their mechanical properties in a model "intestine", followed by the destruction of capsules at the end of intestinal phase. It is noted that the multilayer capsule had the greatest ability to protect the encapsulated model biologically active protein in acidic gastric environment. The results of this analysis indicate that the changes in the mechanical properties and the swelling behavior of capsules based on dietary fiber provide a relationship to the control release of encapsulated bioactive components.

The aim of the work was to test the solvents (PC and DMSO) in selective purification of aromatic components in a countercurrent extraction for the production of safe-carcinogenic plasticizing oils. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) removal from residual oil extract was carried out under comparable conditions in a multistage countercurrent extraction process using propylene carbonate (PC) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). PC and DMSO belong to the fourth hazard class according to GOST 12.1.007-76 and are practically safe in operation. The experiments demonstrate that both solvents enable obtaining REACH requirements corresponding product in respect of carcinogenic PAHs content including benzpyrene. PC was found to have a lower solvent ability but higher selectivity than DMSO.

The possibility of regeneration of the slotted filter cylindrical wall composed of several layers of metal wire was studied. The nozzle simultaneously rotating and moving along the wall was used thereto. The influence of the number of wire layers, the distance between the slots, the jet velocity, the rotational speed of the nozzle and its distance from the filter septum on the efficiency of regeneration was investigated. The influence of the size and physical properties of the dust particles on the regeneration of the slotted filter septum was explored. A dependency for the calculation of hydraulic resistance of the slotted filter with continuous cleaning of dusty gases, taking into account the efficiency of regeneration was proposed.

The aim of the work is to improve the grape juice production technology for baby food. The authors have shown that the use of microwave EMF to improve traditional technology is promisisng. The comparative analysis of pasteurization regimes for traditional and advanced technologies is given. The results showed that the advanced technology produced juice is better in quality than the traditional technology made juice. The proposed method enables shortening of a heat sterilization mode, heat energy savings and improving the quality of the finished product.

Bioadsorbents are widely used for heavy metals removal from different media. Isothermal characteristics of adsorption processes including bioadsorbents applying are widely discussed in special literature. However, the less attention is paid to adsorption capability and the quantity of adsorbed heavy metals ions dependence from bioadsorbent concentration. The aim of present research is to optimize serial process of heavy metals bioadsorption using bioadsorbents modified in different levels. The condition was found to achieve maximum heavy metals ions removal. The optimization procedure for heavy metals removal using the modified bioadsorbents was suggested.

Sewage systems are one of the main sources of pollution of land and water bodies. Expensive reagents, high energy consumption and formation of explosive gases are disadvantages of old technologies of processing of sludge waste water.The article examines the possibility of processing of sludge treatment facilities at the pilot plant microwave thermolysis for the purpose of its utilization and obtaining of commodity products. The installation is part of the existing plant for the processing of waste. Determination of technological parameters is carried out, the material balance of the process is composed. The use of microwave radiation shortens the time of decomposition of the sludge compared to the traditional method, reduces the volume of recyclable substances, neutralizes and clears it from pathogens. The resulting carbon residue can be used as fuel or as road construction material. The current system of gas treatment makes the process environmentally safe.

The potential of plant biomass as source of renewable energy, biological, and chemical feedstock is used inefficiently. This is due to the fact that existing processes of biomass chemical treatment are inferior in efficiency to petrochemical processes being catalytic for the most part. A new industrial catalyst to use for deep complex processing of plant biomass and its waste has been developed. Integrated environmentally sustainable technology, including catalytic processes for the production of pulps both civil and dual use, recycling lignocellulosic waste into valuable organic products is proposed. The new technology allows reduce the harmful gas sulfur emissions up to 75%.