Supercritical extraction is a promising method for the preparation of lignocellulosic raw material for subse-quent biochemical processing. This paper presents a comparative analysis of low-molecular-weight prod-ucts extracted from wheat straw in a batch-type autoclave at a temperature of 285С for 10 min. Ethanol and dimethyl carbonate were used as solvents, since these compounds are known to be similar in terms of their dissolution ability but different in terms of their alkylating properties. It is found that wheat straw ex-traction using dimethyl carbonate demonstrates a high level of efficiency. Compared to ethanolysis, a greater extract yield characterized by a high content of hexanol-soluble compounds was obtained. These compounds predominantly included methyl esters of carboxylic acids. On the other hand, lignin fragmentation products were dominated by veratrous-type compounds. A mechanism is proposed for obtaining low-molecular lignin fragmentation products under the conditions of supercritical extraction, which is based on the processes of a radical cleavage of alkyl aryl ester bonds and C-C bonds in the side radical, as well as on the reactions of dehydration, esterification and re-esterification. When this mechanism is applied under the conditions of supercritical ethanolysis, it additionally involves the reactions of hydrogenation and keto-enol rearrangement with the formation of ketones.

X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry methods are used to systematically study phase formation in the ternary salt systems Cs₂MoO₄-R₂(MoO₄)₃-Hf(MoO₄)₂ (R-trivalent elements In systems, the formation of new triple molybdates of the compositions Cs₅RHf(MoO₄)₆ (R = Al, Cr, Fe, Bi) (S₁), Cs(RHf_0,5)(MoO₄)₃,(R = Al, Fe, Cr) (S₂), Cs₂RBiHf₂(MoO₄)_6,5 (S₃) was detected. Taking into account the formation of new triple molybdates and the peculiarities of phase formation in facet systems, systems were triangulated in the subsolidus region. The thermal and electrophysical properties of synthesized compounds are determined. The triple molybdates Cs₅RHf(MoO₄)₆ (R = Al, Cr, Fe) are isostructural to the compound Rb₅FeHf(MoO₄)₆ (hexagonal symmetry, sp. gr. R`3,, Z = 2), the isoformed bismuth analogue crystallizes in the trigonal system (Pr. R3 = 3, Z = 6). The structural analog of Cs(RHf_0.5)(MoO₄)₃ (R = Al, Cr, Fe) is Cs(FeZr_0.5)(MoO₄)₃ (trigonal system, sp. gr. R3, Z = 6). The identification of diffractograms and the determination of the crystallographic characteristics of the new molybdates of the lanthanide series Cs₂RHf₂(MoO₄)_6.5 (R = Al, Cr, Fe, Bi, La-Lu) were carried out using the autoindication method with the TOPAS 4.2 software package.

In the framework of work on optimization of the process for the preparation of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid imidates hydrochlorides by the Pinner reaction, the effect of excess alcohol and temperature on the reaction rate and product yield was studied. It was found that the optimal process conditions are the following: the ratio of reagents: 3-phenoxybenzonitrile: alcohol = 1: 2 ÷ 3, temperature range 15-40⁰C with continuous supply of hydrogen chloride. It is proved that under these conditions there is no formation of by-products. An effective method for the preparation of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid imidate hydrochlorides has been developed, an optimal design of a periodic reactor has been proposed, which ensures a high process speed and the yield of the obtained hydrochlorides of imidates of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid of at least 95%. The authors developed a principle technological scheme that provides optimal conditions for the process and the maximum yield of the targeted products. The hydrochlorides of imidates of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid are biologically active substances, which explains the interest in finding the optimal parameters for the synthesis process, namely, reducing the reaction time and increasing the yield of the desired product.

The high cost of rare earth elements is known to restrict their practical application. Therefore, it is important to develop new methods for obtaining rare-earth products considering the physicochemical characteristics and regularities of the processes that occur during lanthanide extraction and separation. The work is devoted to the study of the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the extraction of neodymium from acidic media. The extraction of neodymium under various conditions from sulphuric-, hydrochloric- and nitric acid media is studied using such extractants as tributyl phosphate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid, as well as mixtures thereof. The main thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the process are calculated. The paper presents the results of the experimental work and data on neodymium extraction. The enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs and activation energies of the reaction are calculated. The course of the reaction is described. On the basis of the experimental data, conclusions are drawn about the mechanism of the process under study. The results of the research can be used to facilitate the extraction of rare-earth metals in various chemical industries.

A new organic reagent (e)-2-hydroxy-3-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)(amino)benzenesulphonic acid was synthe-sized on the basis of salicylic aldehyde. The dissociation constant of the reagent was determined using a pH-metric method in a water-ethanol medium: pK1 = 8.47 ± 0.03, pK2= 9.38 ± 0.04. The complexation of Fe(III) with (e)-2-hydroxy-3-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)(amino)benzenesulphonic acid was studied in the presence of diantipyrylphenylmethane (DAPM) and 8-hydroxyquinoline. Optimal conditions for the complexation were established. The main spectrophotometric characteristics of the complexes, such as pHopt, λopt, molar absorption coefficient, the compositions of the complexes and the interval where Beer's law holds, were calculated. The study of iron (III) complexation with the reagent showed that diverse-ligand complex-es are formed in the presence of DAPM and 8-hydroxyquinoline. During this reaction, bathochromic shifts are observed in the absorption spectrum, with the maximum yield shifting to the acidic medium compared to single-ligand complexes. The effect of individual ions and masking agents on the formation of binary and diverse-ligand iron (III) complexes was investigated, showing that the selectivity of the reaction increases in the presence of diantipyrylphenylmethane and 8-hydroxyquinoline. The developed technique was used to determine the microquantities of iron in bread and wheat bran.

In this paper, the effect of calcium polysulphide (CaS₄) on the growth, physiological, biochemical and pro-ductive parameters of wheat plants is studied under both laboratory and field conditions. The solutions of CaS4 with concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5% were used for wheat seed incubation during 3 and 6 hours. In the samples, the wet and dry mass, the shoot and root length, the rate of superoxide anion for-mation, the content of hydrogen peroxide were measured. The peroxidase and catalase activity and the malondialdehyde concentration were defined. In the field experiments, wheat seeds were treated with a CaS₄ solution at a rate of 0.6 l/t, followed by the determination of the number of shoots affected by root rot. When wheat seeds were treated with a 1% CaS₄ solution for 3 hours, the 6-day old sprouts demonstrated an increase in the leaf length. Judging by its overall effect on the root cell redox system of wheat plants, this CaS₄ concentration is shown to be the most beneficial compared to other CaS₄ concentrations. The use of CaS₄ for the pre-seeding treatment of wheat seeds under field conditions led to an increase in the har-vest and the seed protein content of about 3 kg/ha and 6%, respectively. In terms of fungicidal activity, this CaS₄ solution showed a lower biological activity compared to Thiram. It is found that the effect of CaS₄ on the germination of wheat seeds depends on its concentration and time of exposure. In addition, it is shown that the studied CaS₄ solution exhibits a certain level of fungicidal activity.

A new water-soluble polymer nanocomposite containing silver nanoparticles with a size of 1-6 nm was syn-thesized by the chemical recovery of silver ions in a copolymer matrix based on 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole and N-vinylpyrrolidone. The biological activity of the synthesized compound was investigated. It is established that the nanocomposite exhibits a high antimicrobial activity against such gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms as Escherichia coli АТСС 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella АТСС 700603 (ESBL), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis АТСС 29212. For this nano-composite, the values of the minimum inhibiting and bactericidal concentrations that suppress the growth of the aforementioned microorganisms are shown to vary within a range of 0.5-8 µg/ml and 0.5-16 µg/ml, re-spectively. The results show that the synthesized nanocomposite can be successfully used for the devel-opment of effective antimicrobial and antiseptic pharmaceutical preparations aimed at the prevention and treatment of dangerous diseases.

This study investigates the possibility of using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofilaments for the immobilization of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain Ep 317/402 n. v. Narine AAA. Two types of nanofilaments - PVPI and PVPII - with a diameter of 200-300 nm obtained by the electrospinning method were experimentally tested. The former type consisted in pure high-molecular polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofilaments, whereas the latter additionally included zinc oxide. The electrospinning unit consisted of a NE-300 syringe pump and a high-voltage INVER-30/5 source for producing an electric field of 1.8 kV/cm. The effectiveness of the immobilization using polyvinylpyrrolidone was evaluated according to the condition and morphology of Acidophilic Lactobacilli cells, their growth rate and the culture medium pH. The PVP modification with zinc oxide is shown to stimulate the acid resistance of probiotic bacteria and to cause the formation of a stable biofilm from exogenous metabolites. Scanning electron microscopy was used to establish the heterogeneous character of the exometabolic matrix, which predominantly consists of extracellular fibres temporarily held on the bacterial cell surface. The obtained results confirm the prospects of using PVP nanofilaments and their modifications for the optimization of probiotic immobilization technologies.

Using an artificially created model system, we have studied the role of bacterial cellulose in the activity of the symbiotic community of microorganisms Medusomyces gisevii. It was shown that during the cultivation of Medusomyces gisevii in all variants, in the presence and absence of bacterial cellulose (BC) in the culture medium, there was a decrease in pH and an increase in electrical conductivity values, the change of which was influenced by the nature of the nutrient medium extracts. The values of correlation coefficients in all variants were high and varied from -0.88 to -0.99. In the presence of BC there was a sharp decrease in pH and, accordingly, an increase in the electrical conductivity of the culture medium. The presence of BC contributed to the activation of the symbiotic community of microorganisms and manifested itself in a significant decrease in pH values by 22.0-24.3% and the increase in electrical conductivity by 106-169%. This effect is due to the fact that the presence of BC on the surface of the culture fluid promotes immobilization of microorganisms in the structure of the gel film, which ensures their availability to the nutrient substrate and the possibility of its further sequential conversion to acetic acid. The data obtained indicate that for the normal functioning of Medusomyces gisevii, bacterial cellulose is extremely necessary, which can serve as a consolidating matrix serving as a place of joint metabolic activity of various types of micro-organisms.

Issues associated with the removal of sulphur-containing compounds from oil and oil products are increasingly attracting much research attention. The available research data suggests the possibility of creating a large-scale, environmentally friendly technology for oil desulphurization using chemical neutralizers. Chemical additives capable of neutralizing sulphur-containing compounds (hydrogen sulphide, methyl, ethyl mercaptans) can be used to improve the characteristics of oil as a commodity product. In this study, HTH-50, complex 007 D 3, complex 007 D 4, Nordek 323 TM 1, NGA 50, NGA 54, HSW82165 / HSW82185, HSW82677, Cascade-PSV, ERA-PN are applied as desulfurizing agents. The treatment of oil samples with these neutralizers showed HSW 82677 (formaldehyde base) to produce the best results. This neutralizer reduced the hydrogen sulphide content to a level of 23 ppm following 48 hours of treatment, with the minimum consumption coefficient being equal to 4.7.

The purpose is to study the influence of the structural characteristics of the slit filter partition on the hydrodynamics and structure of the gas flow in the channels of the partition, which is necessary to develop a method for calculating the hydraulic resistance and creating the most energy-efficient conditions of the slit filter. To study the flow structure in the slit channels, a mathematical description of the flow in the channel model for the corridor and staggered slit partitions is developed, which allows to determine the local flow rate at any point of the channel of the filtering partition, to construct velocity profiles in any cross-section of the channel depending on the type of the slit partition. The modeling of velocity profiles in the channels of the corridor and staggered structure of slit partitions for different wire diameters and the number of its layers, depending on the filtration rate, is performed. It was found that for slit filter walls with a wire diameter from 0.5 to 1.4 mm, the number of layers from 2 to 7 at a filtration rate within 0.05-0.2 m/s during the flow occurs in laminar mode, and the flow around the wire turns during the transition mode. It is established that the stabilization of the velocity distribution over the cross section of the channel in the slit partition occurs after the fourth layer of turns. The mathematical dependence for the calculation of the hydraulic resistance of the slit filter partition taking into account its structural characteristics and the hydrodynamic regime of the gas flow is proposed.

Fruit- whey drinks - products on the basis of whole or restored whey. Presently, water from the central domestic water supply system is predominantly used for their in the production, which periodically does not meet the requirements for water for the food industry. Equilibrium data, kinetics and dynamics of sorption from aqueous solutions are essential for the development of adsorption technology of purifying drinking water. Complex of investigation of adsorption a phenol and chlorophenol by their compatibility in the presences from waters by activated carbon, are different by nature, structure, size specific gravity of surface was studied. Machinery of mass-transfer by adsorption of phenol and chlorophenol mixture was showed . The main adsorption and kinetic parameters was defined. A model for balance of process adsorption in mixture consist from range of study about equilibrium, kinetics and dynamics adsorption of phenol and chlorophenol in front of solution from water with activated carbon and calculation of engineering was suggested. The technology of adsorption purification drinking water was developed.

Edible film can be defined as primary packaging made from edible components, which can be eaten along with food. The aim of this work is to assess the organoleptic properties, structure, water absorption, mechanical characteristics of edible bilayer films obtained on the basis of applesauce, one of which layers is obtained using xanthan gum. Film with the addition of xanthan gum, CMC, fiber have a yellow-Golden hue, films with the addition of agar, carrageenan, pectin pear have a dark tint. The structure of all samples of the films a homogeneous, spongy. The most acceptable taste properties and the ability to chew has a two-layer film with the addition of xanthan gum in the first and second layer. The value of the rate of water absorption is higher in edible films compared to other film materials, a second layer which includes a 2 % pectin. On set of the conducted research we can conclude about the high prospects of work on the preparation and study of properties of edible films. Obviously, the nature of the plasticizer in the second layer has an important influence on the strength properties of the films.

This paper presents the results of the work of the Regional Centre for Monitoring the Safety of Pharmaceu-ticals in the Irkutsk Region functioning under the aegis of the Federal Service for Surveillance in the Sphere of Circulation of Pharmaceuticals. The analysis is carried out on the basis of the ecological monitoring of adverse reactions to antibacterial drugs. The sample involved 343 cases registered by specialists in the Irkutsk region medical institutions. The gender and age characteristics of the patients experiencing mani-festations of drug toxicity are provided. The clinical manifestations of the complications that developed un-der the influence of chemical antimicrobial factors are systematized. The characteristic symptoms that are predominantly manifested by skin and gastrointestinal tract lesions are described. The groups of antibacte-rial drugs exhibiting the highest risk of complications are identified. The drug monitoring showed that a large number of adverse reactions are associated with two drug classes, i.e., β-lactam antibiotics and fluo-roquinolones (57% cases). The analysis of the effects of cephalosporins and "protected" penicillins re-vealed a high incidence of adverse reactions to ceftriaxone. Key factors reducing the effectiveness of anti-microbial therapy in urinary tract infections are revealed, including a long history of the disease, the pres-ence of two or more urinary tract pathogens, the concomitant infection of upper and lower sections of the urinary tract.

The data on the accumulation of heavy metals in tissues and organs of poplar pyramidal in industrial and residential functional areas of Kursk are presented. It was found that the leaves of the poplar pyramidal, vegetating in the industrial zone have the maximum depositing capacity and accumulate 1.1 - 5.06 times more heavy metals than the leaves of the studied rock in the residential zone. Concentrations of Pb and Cd in the tissues of the Lombardy poplar depends on their content in the environment. It is noted that they either exceed the norm by 1-27 times, or they grate with normal values of concentrations of heavy metals in plants. Zn, Cu and Ni concentrations in poplar tree tissues in the studied areas did not exceed MAC. It is noted that the content of heavy metals in the tissues of above-ground and underground bodies of the pyramidal poplar varies greatly. The limit of variation of lead concentrations in the studied plants reaches 241.2 units. Such fluctuations are due to physiological and anatomical features of poplar tissues, the nature of soil pollution, as well as the intensity of human impact on the environment. In the polluted areas of the city the affinity of elements to accumulation in the depositing bodies of plants sharply changes. In the industrial zone of Kursk in the wood of poplar pyramidal mainly compartmentalized Pb, Cd and Ni, in the residential zone-Zn, Cu.

The forms of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in the snow cover of Chita were determined. According to the numerical ecological-geochemical and sanitary-hygienic indicators, it was revealed that the city territory is characterized by an average and high level of pollution of snow cover. The main load of toxic ions accounts for the dust fraction of snow. By the dust load Pn the most unfavorable were Central (more than 12 t * km2 * day.) and East (more than 7 t·km2·day.) part of the city of Chita. This is probably due to the high anthropogenic load and the predominant direction of air masses. In addition, the relief and climatic factors that increase the retention of dust and toxic substances in the formation of dense smog are of great importance. The calculated average total load of the studied metals from the dust fraction (Zp = 76,295) corresponds to the low level of pollution, but there were also anomalies where there was a high level of this indicator. The share of water-soluble forms of pollutants does not exceed an average of 0.3% of the total amount of heavy metals. By the average value of the total load index (ZC) the share of water-soluble forms was 10.9%. However, the danger of this polluting factor is high, and when calculating the coefficient of contamination, it is necessary to dilute the melt water with clean water 84 times for fishing purposes and 15 times for economic and drinking use. For all forms of pollutants, the main sources of environmental revenues are thermal power and motor transport enterprises. A significant accumulation of toxic elements in the snow cover of Chita is associated with an unsuccessful location of the main industrial enterprises, the terrain of the territory and specific climatic conditions.

The aim of the study is to continue the work on the study of interfacial processes occurring at the interface of the dispersed filler - oligomer in the presence of aproton solvent. The experimental part presents the instrumental and methodological apparatus that allows to estimate the degree and intensity of the interaction of the functional oligomer with the oxides of metals that are multifunctional components of polymer compositions. In the cauldron the possibility of attributing a carbonyl-containing oligomers produced by the method of carbon-seeding, chelating ligands.

This study is aimed at investigating low-molecular biologically-active substances in the Ranet Purple apple pomace. Pomace extraction using solvents and supercritical CO₂ fluid extraction were carried out. In order to study the effect of the moisture level of raw material and the addition of modifiers on the efficiency of super-critical CO₂ fluid extraction, we used dried pomace, pomace of natural moisture (21.5%) and pomace of natural moisture with the addition of alcohol. All the extracts were analyzed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method (GC-MS). In each of the aforementioned extracts, the relative content of main chemical compounds was determined, including alkanes, phenols, esters, alcohols, carboxylic acids and oxo-compounds.